How Evolutionary Anthropology Informs the Growth, Development, and Maturation of the Cranial Base. Part 1: Cranial Base: Inferior Aspect
| العنوان: | How Evolutionary Anthropology Informs the Growth, Development, and Maturation of the Cranial Base. Part 1: Cranial Base: Inferior Aspect |
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| المؤلفون: | Alexandra R. Kunz, Dennis Velez, Seema Borthakur |
| المصدر: | Skull Base. 17 |
| بيانات النشر: | Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2007. |
| سنة النشر: | 2007 |
| مصطلحات موضوعية: | Foramen magnum, biology, business.industry, Occipital bone, Foramen lacerum, Anatomy, biology.organism_classification, medicine.anatomical_structure, Homo sapiens, Temporal bone, Muscle attachment, Carotid canal, Paranthropus, Medicine, Neurology (clinical), business |
| الوصف: | Introduction: The ontogeny (growth, development, and maturation) of the cranial base (CB) has an evolutionary history. In hominid evolution, hominoids (great apes) to modern man (Homo sapiens), profoundly significant morphological changes in the cranial base occurred to accommodate an encephalizing neocortex for increased information processing. Methods: This comparative paper presents changes in the morphological landmarks in the inferior aspect of the CB in hominid evolution. These landmarks are the bizygomatic (BZ) and bitympanic (BT) breadths, CB foramina, the foramen magnum and BT line, angular orientation of the temporal (petrous portion) bone, and nuchal muscle attachment markings. Results: The BZ and BT breadths of the hominoid inferior CB are wide; BT is 132 mm; the CB is long (61 mm) and narrow. This contrasts with the broad and short (49 mm) human CB and reduced BZ and BT (99 mm) widths. Hominoid CB foramina are closer to the midline than modern humans, thus bilateral landmark distances are less, for example, carotid canal distances are 47 mm vs 57 mm, respectively; the foramen lacerum is absent in hominoids. The hominoid foramen magnum, lying behind the BT line, is linked with its basioccipital bone of 32 mm length; in modern Homo, the foramen magnum is rotated and ventral and forward, the BT line crosses it, and the basioccipital bone is 26 mm. In hominoids, the petrous portion of the temporal bone is oriented at 60 degrees to the coronal plane between the carotid canals; modern humans have a petrous angle of 45 degrees. The relatively large vertically oriented area of hominoid occipital bone behind the foramen magnum is for nuchal muscle attachments, whereas the expanded occipital squama bears small areas of nuchal attachments in modern Homo sapiens. The inferior CB of hominid fossils exhibit a mosaic of evolutionary changes in the hominoid (cranial capacity, 250 cc) and modern human (1374 cc) inferior CB patterns. The foramen magnum of Australopithecus (400 to 500 cc) is now crossed by the BT line, foramina landmarks are wider with increased bilateral values, and there is less occipital area devoted to nuchal musculature. The hominid, Paranthropus (525 cc), has reduced muscle markings on the basioccipital and the petrous temporal bones are now permanently oriented at 45 degrees to the coronal plane of the inferior CB. In the collective Homo species, 750 to 1250 cc, the expanded occipital squama has a progressively smaller area of nuchal muscle attachments, the BZ and BT breadths are reduced, all the bilateral foramina distances are wider, and, notably, the foramen lacerum is present. Conclusions: In hominid evolution, from hominoids to Homo sapiens, a few significant and inter-related changes in the hominid inferior CB influenced and contributed to the morphological changes of our modern human's, Homo sapiens sapiens, cranial base. |
| تدمد: | 1532-0065 1531-5010 |
| الوصول الحر: | https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_________::fc5db76e8c6e20ded839bbbe5a8863c4Test https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-984048Test |
| رقم الانضمام: | edsair.doi...........fc5db76e8c6e20ded839bbbe5a8863c4 |
| قاعدة البيانات: | OpenAIRE |
| تدمد: | 15320065 15315010 |
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