المؤلفون: Carey, ME, MacWright, WR, Im, J, Meiring, JE, Gibani, MM, Park, SE, Longley, A, Jeon, HJ, Hemlock, C, Yu, AT, Soura, A, Aiemjoy, K, Owusu-Dabo, E, Terferi, M, Islam, S, Lunguya, O, Jacobs, J, Gordon, M, Dolecek, C, Baker, S, Pitzer, VE, Yousafzai, MT, Tonks, S, Clemens, JD, Date, K, Qadri, F, Heyderman, RS, Saha, SK, Basnyat, B, Okeke, IN, Qamar, FN, Voysey, M, Luby, S, Kang, G, Andrews, J, Pollard, AJ, John, J, Garrett, D, Marks, F

المصدر: urn:ISSN:1058-4838 ; urn:ISSN:1537-6591 ; Clinical Infectious Diseases, 71, Supplement_2, S102-S110

مصطلحات موضوعية: Clinical Research, Prevention, Foodborne Illness, Infectious Diseases, Immunization, Vaccine Related, Rare Diseases, Digestive Diseases, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Biodefense, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, 2 Aetiology, 3 Prevention of disease and conditions, and promotion of well-being, 3.4 Vaccines, Infection, 3 Good Health and Well Being, 6 Clean Water and Sanitation, Africa South of the Sahara, Asia, Humans, India, Salmonella typhi, Typhoid Fever, Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines, blood culture, enteric fever surveillance, anzsrc-for: 06 Biological Sciences, anzsrc-for: 11 Medical and Health Sciences

الوصف: Building on previous multicountry surveillance studies of typhoid and others salmonelloses such as the Diseases of the Most Impoverished program and the Typhoid Surveillance in Africa Project, several ongoing blood culture surveillance studies are generating important data about incidence, severity, transmission, and clinical features of invasive Salmonella infections in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. These studies are also characterizing drug resistance patterns in their respective study sites. Each study answers a different set of research questions and employs slightly different methodologies, and the geographies under surveillance differ in size, population density, physician practices, access to healthcare facilities, and access to microbiologically safe water and improved sanitation. These differences in part reflect the heterogeneity of the epidemiology of invasive salmonellosis globally, and thus enable generation of data that are useful to policymakers in decision-making for the introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs). Moreover, each study is evaluating the large-scale deployment of TCVs, and may ultimately be used to assess post-introduction vaccine impact. The data generated by these studies will also be used to refine global disease burden estimates. It is important to ensure that lessons learned from these studies not only inform vaccination policy, but also are incorporated into sustainable, low-cost, integrated vaccine-preventable disease surveillance systems.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

العلاقة: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.4/unsworks_78950Test; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/bitstreams/5f8963d1-73d8-45c6-90b2-0ce91dc68371/downloadTest; https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa367Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa367Test
http://hdl.handle.net/1959.4/unsworks_78950Test
https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/bitstreams/5f8963d1-73d8-45c6-90b2-0ce91dc68371/downloadTest

المؤلفون: Carter, MJ, Gurung, P, Jones, C, Rajkarnikar, S, Kandasamy, R, Gurung, M, Thorson, S, Gautam, MC, Prajapati, KG, Khadka, B, Maharjan, A, Knight, JC, Murdoch, DR, Darton, TC, Voysey, M, Wahl, B, O'Brien, KL, Kelly, S, Ansari, I, Shah, G, Ekström, N, Melin, M, Pollard, AJ, Kelly, DF, Shrestha, S

المصدر: urn:ISSN:2235-2988 ; Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 9, 459

مصطلحات موضوعية: Infectious Diseases, Pediatric, Immunization, Pneumonia, Lung, Clinical Research, Prevention, Biotechnology, Pneumonia & Influenza, 4 Detection, screening and diagnosis, 4.1 Discovery and preclinical testing of markers and technologies, Infection, Adolescent, Antibodies, Bacterial, Antigens, Bacterial Proteins, C-Reactive Protein, Child, Preschool, Diagnostic Tests, Routine, Female, Humans, Immunoglobulin G, Immunologic Tests, Infant, Leukocytes, Mononuclear

الوصف: New diagnostic tests for the etiology of childhood pneumonia are needed. We evaluated the antibody-in-lymphocyte supernatant (ALS) assay to detect immunoglobulin (Ig) G secretion from ex vivo peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) culture, as a potential diagnostic test for pneumococcal pneumonia. We enrolled 348 children with pneumonia admitted to Patan Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal between December 2015 and September 2016. PBMCs sampled from participants were incubated for 48 h before harvesting of cell culture supernatant (ALS). We used a fluorescence-based multiplexed immunoassay to measure the concentration of IgG in ALS against five conserved pneumococcal protein antigens. Of children with pneumonia, 68 had a confirmed etiological diagnosis: 12 children had pneumococcal pneumonia (defined as blood or pleural fluid culture-confirmed; or plasma CRP concentration ≥60 mg/l and nasopharyngeal carriage of serotype 1 pneumococci), and 56 children had non-pneumococcal pneumonia. Children with non-pneumococcal pneumonia had either a bacterial pathogen isolated from blood (six children); or C-reactive protein <60 mg/l, absence of radiographic consolidation and detection of a pathogenic virus by multiplex PCR (respiratory syncytial virus, influenza viruses, or parainfluenza viruses; 23 children). Concentrations of ALS IgG to all five pneumococcal proteins were significantly higher in children with pneumococcal pneumonia than in children with non-pneumococcal pneumonia. The concentration of IgG in ALS to the best-performing antigen discriminated between children with pneumococcal and non-pneumococcal pneumonia with a sensitivity of 1.0 (95% CI 0.73–1.0), specificity of 0.66 (95% CI 0.52–0.78) and area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUROCC) 0.85 (95% CI 0.75–0.94). Children with pneumococcal pneumonia were older than children with non-pneumococcal pneumonia (median 5.6 and 2.0 years, respectively, p < 0.001). When the analysis was limited to children ≥2 years of age, assay of IgG ALS to ...

وصف الملف: application/pdf

العلاقة: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.4/unsworks_75351Test; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/bitstreams/d202024f-9f41-4c2a-bdc2-7aa5e80d03bb/downloadTest; https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2019.00459Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2019.00459Test
http://hdl.handle.net/1959.4/unsworks_75351Test
https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/bitstreams/d202024f-9f41-4c2a-bdc2-7aa5e80d03bb/downloadTest

المؤلفون: Lo, SW, Gladstone, RA, Van Tonder, AJ, Du Plessis, M, Cornick, JE, Hawkins, PA, Madhi, SA, Nzenze, SA, Kandasamy, R, Ravikumar, KL, Elmdaghri, N, Kwambana-Adams, B, Almeida, SCG, Skoczynska, A, Egorova, E, Titov, L, Saha, SK, Paragi, M, Everett, DB, Antonio, M, Klugman, KP, Li, Y, Metcalf, BJ, Beall, B, McGee, L, Breiman, RF, Bentley, SD, Von Gottberg, A, Brooks, AW, Corso, A, Davydov, A, Maguire, A, Pollard, AJ, Kiran, A, Moiane, B, Sigauque, B, Aanensen, D, Lehmann, D, Faccone, D, Foster-Nyarko, E, Bojang, E, Voropaeva, E, Sampane-Donkor, E, Sadowy, E, Nagaraj, G, Bigogo, G, Mucavele, H, Belabbès, H, Diawara, I, Moïsi, J, Verani, J, Keenan, J, Nair Thulasee Bhai, JN, Ndlangisa, KM, Zerouali, K, De Gouveia, L, Alaerts, M, De Cunto Brandileone, MC, Ip, M, Hasanuzzaman, M, Ali, M, Croucher, N, Wolter, N, Givon-Lavi, N, Eser, ÖK, Ho, PL, Akpaka, PE, Turner, P, Gagetti, P, Tientcheu, PE, Carter, PE, Law, P, Benisty, R, Mostowy, R, Ford, R, Henderson, R, Malaker, R, Dagan, R, Shakoor, S, Doiphode, S, Sekaran, SD, Srifuengfung, S, Obaro, S, Clarke, SC, Kastrin, T, Ochoa, TJ, Hryniewicz, W, Balaji, V, Urban, Y

المصدر: urn:ISSN:0305-7453 ; urn:ISSN:1460-2091 ; Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 75, 3, 512-520

مصطلحات موضوعية: Infectious Diseases, Prevention, Lung, Antimicrobial Resistance, Vaccine Related, Pneumonia & Influenza, Immunization, Pneumonia, Infection, 3 Good Health and Well Being, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Child, Preschool, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Humans, Multilocus Sequence Typing, Pneumococcal Infections, Pneumococcal Vaccines, Serogroup, South Africa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Tetracycline Resistance, Global Pneumococcal Sequencing Consortium, anzsrc-for: 0605 Microbiology, anzsrc-for: 1108 Medical Microbiology, anzsrc-for: 1115 Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences

الوصف: Objectives: We reported tet(S/M) in Streptococcus pneumoniae and investigated its temporal spread in relation to nationwide clinical interventions. Methods: We whole-genome sequenced 12 254 pneumococcal isolates from 29 countries on an Illumina HiSeq sequencer. Serotype, multilocus ST and antibiotic resistance were inferred from genomes. An SNP tree was built using Gubbins. Temporal spread was reconstructed using a birth-death model. Results: We identified tet(S/M) in 131 pneumococcal isolates and none carried other known tet genes. Tetracycline susceptibility testing results were available for 121 tet(S/M)-positive isolates and all were resistant. A majority (74%) of tet(S/M)-positive isolates were from South Africa and caused invasive diseases among young children (59% HIV positive, where HIV status was available). All but two tet(S/M)-positive isolates belonged to clonal complex (CC) 230. A global phylogeny of CC230 (n=389) revealed that tet(S/M)-positive isolates formed a sublineage predicted to exhibit resistance to penicillin, co-trimoxazole, erythromycin and tetracycline. The birth-death model detected an unrecognized outbreak of this sublineage in South Africa between 2000 and 2004 with expected secondary infections (effective reproductive number, R) of ∼2.5. R declined to ∼1.0 in 2005 and <1.0 in 2012. The declining epidemic could be related to improved access to ART in 2004 and introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) in 2009. Capsular switching from vaccine serotype 14 to non-vaccine serotype 23A was observed within the sublineage. Conclusions: The prevalence of tet(S/M) in pneumococci was low and its dissemination was due to an unrecognized outbreak of CC230 in South Africa. Capsular switching in this MDR sublineage highlighted its potential to continue to cause disease in the post-PCV13 era.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

العلاقة: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.4/unsworks_75364Test; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/bitstreams/654e2bae-c5bf-4ca4-a12c-0e6a6df1c717/downloadTest; https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz477Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz477Test
http://hdl.handle.net/1959.4/unsworks_75364Test
https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/bitstreams/654e2bae-c5bf-4ca4-a12c-0e6a6df1c717/downloadTest

المؤلفون: Gladstone, RA, Lo, SW, Goater, R, Yeats, C, Taylor, B, Hadfield, J, Lees, JA, Croucher, NJ, van Tonder, AJ, Bentley, LJ, Quah, FX, Blaschke, AJ, Pershing, NL, Byington, CL, Balaji, V, Hryniewicz, W, Sigauque, B, Ravikumar, KL, Almeida, SCG, Ochoa, TJ, Ho, PL, Plessis, MD, Ndlangisa, KM, Cornick, JE, Kwambana-Adams, B, Benisty, R, Nzenze, SA, Madhi, SA, Hawkins, PA, Pollard, AJ, Everett, DB, Antonio, M, Dagan, R, Klugman, KP, von Gottberg, A, Metcalf, BJ, Li, Y, Beall, BW, McGee, L, Breiman, RF, Aanensen, DM, Bentley, SD, Akpaka, PE, Ampofo, K, Belabbès, H, Bigogo, G, Brooks, AW, Carter, PE, Clarke, SC, Corso, A, de Cunto Brandileone, MC, Davydov, A, Diawara, I, Doiphode, S, Egorova, E, Elmdaghri, N, Eser, ÖK, Faccone, D, Ford, R, Gagetti, P, Givon-Lavi, N, Hasanuzzaman, M, Hulten, KG, Ip, M, Kapusta, A, Kandasamy, R, Kastrin, T, Keenan, J, Law, PY, Lehmann, D, Moïsi, J, Mucavele, H, Nurse-Lucas, M, Obaro, SK, Paragi, M, Sadowy, E, Saha, SK, Sampane-Donkor, E, Sekaran, SD, Shakoor, S, Shrestha, S, Skoczynska, A, Ko, S, Srifuengfung, S, Tientcheu, PE, Titov, L, Turner, P, Urban, Y, Verani, J, Voropaeva, E, Wolter, N

المصدر: urn:ISSN:2057-5858 ; Microbial Genomics, 6, 5, 1-13

مصطلحات موضوعية: Immunization, Genetics, Prevention, Vaccine Related, Infection, DNA Transposable Elements, Databases, Genetic, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Evolution, Molecular, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Phylogeny, Phylogeography, Poland, Polysaccharides, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Serogroup, South Africa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Utah, antibiotic resistance, pangenome, phylogenetic dating, pneumococcal, population structure, recombination, whole genome sequencing

الوصف: Knowledge of pneumococcal lineages, their geographic distribution and antibiotic resistance patterns, can give insights into global pneumococcal disease. We provide interactive bioinformatic outputs to explore such topics, aiming to increase dissemi-nation of genomic insights to the wider community, without the need for specialist training. We prepared 12 country-specific phylogenetic snapshots, and international phylogenetic snapshots of 73 common Global Pneumococcal Sequence Clusters (GPSCs) previously defined using PopPUNK, and present them in Microreact. Gene presence and absence defined using Roary, and recombination profiles derived from Gubbins are presented in Phandango for each GPSC. Temporal phylogenetic signal was assessed for each GPSC using BactDating. We provide examples of how such resources can be used. In our example use of a country-specific phylogenetic snapshot we determined that serotype 14 was observed in nine unrelated genetic backgrounds in South Africa. The international phylogenetic snapshot of GPSC9, in which most serotype 14 isolates from South Africa were observed, highlights that there were three independent sub-clusters represented by South African serotype 14 isolates. We estimated from the GPSC9-dated tree that the sub-clusters were each established in South Africa during the 1980s. We show how recombination plots allowed the identification of a 20 kb recombination spanning the capsular polysaccharide locus within GPSC97. This was consistent with a switch from serotype 6A to 19A estimated to have occured in the 1990s from the GPSC97-dated tree. Plots of gene presence/absence of resistance genes (tet, erm, cat) across the GPSC23 phylogeny were consistent with acquisition of a composite transposon. We estimated from the GPSC23-dated tree that the acquisition occurred between 1953 and 1975. Finally, we demonstrate the assignment of GPSC31 to 17 externally generated pneumococcal serotype 1 assemblies from Utah via Pathogenwatch. Most of the Utah isolates clustered within GPSC31 in a ...

وصف الملف: application/pdf

العلاقة: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.4/unsworks_75358Test; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/bitstreams/f815c3f2-771c-41a6-afc2-59993b1403e7/downloadTest; https://doi.org/10.1099/mgen.0.000357Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1099/mgen.0.000357Test
http://hdl.handle.net/1959.4/unsworks_75358Test
https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/bitstreams/f815c3f2-771c-41a6-afc2-59993b1403e7/downloadTest

المؤلفون: Kandasamy, R, Voysey, M, Collins, S, Berbers, G, Robinson, H, Noel, I, Hughes, H, Ndimah, S, Gould, K, Fry, N, Sheppard, C, Ladhani, S, Snape, MD, Hinds, J, Pollard, AJ

المصدر: urn:ISSN:0022-1899 ; urn:ISSN:1537-6613 ; Journal of Infectious Diseases, 221, 8, 1361-1370

مصطلحات موضوعية: Pneumonia & Influenza, Prevention, Vaccine Related, Pneumonia, Immunization, Pediatric, Lung, Biotechnology, 3.4 Vaccines, 3 Prevention of disease and conditions, and promotion of well-being, Infection, Carrier State, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Male, Nasopharynx, Pneumococcal Infections, Pneumococcal Vaccines, Serogroup, Streptococcus pneumoniae, United Kingdom, Vaccination, Vaccines

الوصف: Background: Following programmatic introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13), there is residual carriage and disease due to PCV13-covered serotypes. Methods. PCV13-immunized children aged 13-48 months, N = 988, were enrolled between February 2014 and August 2015 (“late PCV13”), and had nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage compared with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) immunized children, N = 567, enrolled between November 2010 and September 2011 (“early PCV13”). Nasopharyngeal pneumococci were molecularserotyped by microarray. Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) cases were identified through enhanced national surveillance. Results. Compared with PCV7-immunized children, carriage among PCV13-immunized children was significantly lower for serotypes 19A (odds ratio [OR], 0.08 [95% confidence interval {CI},.02-.25]), 6C (OR, 0.11 [95% CI,.03-.32]), and 7F (8 vs 0 cases). IPD incidence in children <5 years was significantly lower for serotypes 1 (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.03 [95% CI, 0-.19]) and 7F (IRR, 0.13 [95% CI,.05-.36]) but not 19A (IRR, 0.6 [95% CI,.3-1.12]) or serotype 3 (IRR, 2.3 [95% CI,.86-6.15]) in the late PCV13 period than in the early PCV13 period. The most significant rises in IPD incidence were for serotypes 8, 12F, and 24F. Conclusions. PCV13 has reduced serotype 19A carriage among vaccinated children. We found no impact of PCV13 on serotype 3 carriage or disease, and emergence of non-PCV13-serotype disease.

العلاقة: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.4/unsworks_75346Test; https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz178Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz178Test
http://hdl.handle.net/1959.4/unsworks_75346Test

المؤلفون: Kandasamy, R, Gurung, M, Thorson, S, Yu, LM, Galal, U, Voysey, M, Kelly, S, Wahl, B, Berbers, G, Finnegan, K, Ansari, I, Paudel, K, Murdoch, DR, O'Brien, KL, Kelly, DF, Goldblatt, D, Shrestha, S, Pollard, AJ

المصدر: urn:ISSN:1473-3099 ; urn:ISSN:1474-4457 ; The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 19, 2, 156-164

مصطلحات موضوعية: Clinical Research, Infectious Diseases, Lung, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Immunization, Prevention, Pediatric, Infection, 3 Good Health and Well Being, Antibodies, Bacterial, Female, Humans, Immunity, Herd, Immunization Schedule, Secondary, Immunogenicity, Vaccine, Immunoglobulin G, Infant, Male, Nepal, Pneumococcal Infections, Pneumococcal Vaccines, Serogroup, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Treatment Outcome, Vaccines, Conjugate

الوصف: Background: Nepalese infants receive ten-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) with a 1 month interval between priming doses for programmatic reasons. We aimed to investigate whether immune responses to PCV10 serotypes were non-inferior if the second priming dose of PCV10 was delivered at a 1 month interval as opposed to a 2 month interval. Methods: We did an open-label, randomised, parallel group trial in healthy Nepalese infants aged 40–60 days at Patan Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. Children were eligible for inclusion if they were healthy, were born at more than or equal to 37 weeks' gestation, were residing in Kathmandu, and had not had any previous vaccinations other than BCG, and oral polio vaccine. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) by means of a computer-generated list with randomly varying permuted block sizes accessed through a validated web-based interface, to receive PCV10 either at 6 weeks and 10 weeks of age (6 + 10 group) or at 6 weeks and 14 weeks of age (6 + 14 group), with both groups receiving a booster at 9 months of age. Laboratory staff, masked to study intervention, analysed serum samples for antibodies against PCV10 serotypes by ELISA. The primary outcome was to determine whether the 6 + 10 schedule was non-inferior to the 6 + 14 schedule at 9 months of age, on the basis of the proportion of infants with serotype-specific IgG greater than or equal to 0·35 μg/mL. Non-inferiority was established with a 10% margin, and the primary endpoint was measured in a modified intention-to-treat population, which included only participants who successfully had a blood sample collected. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02385513. Findings: Between Aug 21, 2015, and April 4, 2016, 304 Nepalese children were randomly assigned to either the 6 + 10 group (n=152) or the 6 + 14 group (n=152). At 9 months of age, the 6 + 10 schedule was non-inferior for serotype 5 (79 [55·2%] of 143 vs 78 [53·4%] of 146, difference 1·82% [95% CI −9·6 to 13·25], p=0·021), serotype 9V (66 ...

وصف الملف: application/pdf

العلاقة: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.4/unsworks_75341Test; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/bitstreams/e9ebab6e-414a-44f3-8b5c-61343f6cdb9c/downloadTest; https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099Test(18)30568-1

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099Test(18)30568-1
http://hdl.handle.net/1959.4/unsworks_75341Test
https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/bitstreams/e9ebab6e-414a-44f3-8b5c-61343f6cdb9c/downloadTest

المؤلفون: Balsells, E, Dagan, R, Yildirim, I, Gounder, PP, Steens, A, Muñoz-Almagro, C, Mameli, C, Kandasamy, R, Givon Lavi, N, Daprai, L, van der Ende, A, Trzciński, K, Nzenze, SA, Meiring, S, Foster, D, Bulkow, LR, Rudolph, K, Valero-Rello, A, Ducker, S, Vestrheim, DF, von Gottberg, A, Pelton, SI, Zuccotti, GV, Pollard, AJ, Sanders, EAM, Campbell, H, Madhi, SA, Nair, H, Kyaw, MH

المصدر: urn:ISSN:0163-4453 ; urn:ISSN:1532-2742 ; Journal of Infection, 77, 5, 368-378

مصطلحات موضوعية: Vaccine Related, Prevention, Immunization, Infectious Diseases, Pneumonia, Clinical Research, Lung, Pneumonia & Influenza, 4.2 Evaluation of markers and technologies, 3 Prevention of disease and conditions, and promotion of well-being, 3.4 Vaccines, 4 Detection, screening and diagnosis, Infection, 3 Good Health and Well Being, Age Factors, Carrier State, Child, Preschool, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Observational Studies as Topic, Pneumococcal Infections, Pneumococcal Vaccines, Prevalence, Serogroup, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Vaccination

الوصف: Objectives: Burden of pneumococcal disease depends on the prevalence and invasive disease potential of serotypes. We aimed to estimate the invasive disease potential of serotypes in children under 5 years of age by combining data from different settings with routine immunisation with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV). Methods: We conducted a systematic review, supplemented by unpublished data, to identify data on the frequency of pneumococcal serotypes in carriage and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). We estimated the invasive disease potential of serotypes as the ratio of IPD in relation to carriage (odds ratio and 95%CI) compared with 19A (reference serotype) by meta-analysis. We report results based on a random effects model for children aged 0–23, 24–29, and 0–59 months and by invasive clinical syndromes. Results: In comparison with 19A, serotypes 1, 7F, and 12F had a significantly higher invasive disease potential in children aged 0–23 and 0–59 months for all IPD and clinical syndromes (OR > 5). Several non-vaccine types (NVTs) (6C, 15A, 15BC, 16F, 23B, in these two age groups) had a lower invasive disease potential than 19A (OR 0.1–0.3). NVTs 8, 12F, 24F, and 33F were at the upper end of the invasiveness spectrum. Conclusions: There is substantial variation among pneumococcal serotypes in their potential to cause IPD and disease presentation, which is influenced by age and time after PCV introduction. Surveillance of IPD and carriage is critical to understand the expected effectiveness of current PCVs (in the longer term) and guide the development of future vaccines.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

العلاقة: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.4/unsworks_75363Test; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/bitstreams/f08d3bb1-d226-4e51-9149-4d1a3469482f/downloadTest; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2018.06.004Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2018.06.004Test
http://hdl.handle.net/1959.4/unsworks_75363Test
https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/bitstreams/f08d3bb1-d226-4e51-9149-4d1a3469482f/downloadTest

المؤلفون: Voysey, M, Fanshawe, TR, Kelly, DF, O'Brien, KL, Kandasamy, R, Shrestha, S, Thorson, S, Hinds, J, Pollard, AJ

المصدر: urn:ISSN:1058-4838 ; urn:ISSN:1537-6591 ; Clinical Infectious Diseases, 66, 6, 913-920

مصطلحات موضوعية: Prevention, Biodefense, Vaccine Related, Immunization, Biotechnology, Lung, Infectious Diseases, 3 Prevention of disease and conditions, and promotion of well-being, 3.4 Vaccines, Infection, 3 Good Health and Well Being, Antibodies, Bacterial, Carrier State, Female, Humans, Secondary, Immunogenicity, Vaccine, Immunoglobulin G, Infant, Internationality, Male, Nasopharynx, Nepal, Pneumococcal Infections, Pneumococcal Vaccines, Prevalence, Serogroup

الوصف: Background. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) provide direct protection against disease in those vaccinated, and interrupt transmission through the prevention of nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage. Methods. We analyzed immunogenicity data from 5224 infants who received PCV in prime-boost schedules. We defned any increase in antibody between the 1-month postpriming visit and the booster dose as an indication of NP carriage ("seroincidence"). We calculated antibody concentrations using receiver operating characteristic curves, and used generalized additive models to compute their protective efcacy against seroincidence. To support seroincidence as a marker of carriage, we compared seroincidence in a randomized immunogenicity trial in Nepal with the serotype-specifc prevalence of carriage in the same community. Results. In Nepalese infants, seroincidence of carriage closely correlated with serotype-specifc carriage prevalence in the community. In the larger data set, antibody concentrations associated with seroincidence were lowest for serotypes 6B and 23F (0.50 μg/mL and 0.63 μg/mL, respectively), and highest for serotypes 19F and 14 (2.54 μg/mL and 2.48 μg/mL, respectively). Te protective efcacy of antibody at these levels was 62% and 74% for serotypes 6B and 23F, and 87% and 84% for serotypes 19F and 14. Protective correlates were on average 2.15 times higher in low/lower middle-income countries than in high/upper middle-income countries (geometric mean ratio, 2.15 [95% confdence interval, 1.46-3.17]; P =.0024). Conclusions. Antibody concentrations associated with protection vary between serotypes. Higher antibody concentrations are required for protection in low-income countries. Tese fndings are important for global vaccination policy, to interrupt transmission by protecting against carriage.

العلاقة: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.4/unsworks_75350Test; https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix895Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix895Test
http://hdl.handle.net/1959.4/unsworks_75350Test

المؤلفون: Kandasamy, R, Voysey, M, McQuaid, F, De Nie, K, Ryan, R, Orr, O, Uhlig, U, Sande, C, O'Connor, D, Pollard, AJ

المصدر: urn:ISSN:0959-8146 ; urn:ISSN:1756-1833 ; BMJ (Online), 355, i5225

مصطلحات موضوعية: Prevention, Immunization, Infectious Diseases, Vaccine Related, Pediatric, Rare Diseases, 3.4 Vaccines, 3 Prevention of disease and conditions, and promotion of well-being, Infection, 3 Good Health and Well Being, BCG Vaccine, Case-Control Studies, Child, Preschool, Communicable Disease Control, Diphtheria, Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Measles, Measles Vaccine, Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Tetanus, Tuberculosis, United Kingdom, Vaccination

الوصف: Objective: To identify and characterise non-specific immunological effects after routine childhood vaccines against BCG, measles, diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus. Design: Systematic review of randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, and case-control studies. Data sources: Embase, PubMed, Cochrane library, and Trip searched between 1947 and January 2014. Publications submitted by a panel of experts in the specialty were also included. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: All human studies reporting non-specific immunological effects after vaccination with standard childhood immunisations. Studies using recombinant vaccines, no vaccine at all, or reporting only vaccine specific outcomes were excluded. The primary aim was to systematically identify, assemble, and review all available studies and data on the possible nonspecific or heterologous immunological effects of BCG; measles; mumps, measles, and rubella (MMR); diphtheria; tetanus; and pertussis vaccines. Results: The initial search yielded 11 168 references; 77 manuscripts met the inclusion criteria for data analysis. In most included studies (48%) BCG was the vaccine intervention. The final time point of outcome measurement was primarily performed (70%) between one and 12 months after vaccination. There was a high risk of bias in the included studies, with no single study rated low risk across all assessment criteria. A total of 143 different immunological variables were reported, which, in conjunction with differences in measurement units and summary statistics, created a high number of combinations thus precluding any meta-analysis. Studies that compared BCG vaccinated with unvaccinated groups showed a trend towards increased IFN-γ production in vitro in the vaccinated groups. Increases were also observed for IFN-γ measured after BCG vaccination in response to in vitro stimulation with microbial antigens from Candida albicans, tetanus toxoid, Staphylococcus aureas, lipopolysaccharide, and hepatitis B. Cohort studies of measles vaccination ...

وصف الملف: application/pdf

العلاقة: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.4/unsworks_75337Test; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/bitstreams/2d95756e-2868-48d7-8524-88c08fa1f6a2/downloadTest; https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i5225Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i5225Test
http://hdl.handle.net/1959.4/unsworks_75337Test
https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/bitstreams/2d95756e-2868-48d7-8524-88c08fa1f6a2/downloadTest

المؤلفون: Voysey, M, Kandasamy, R, Yu, LM, Baudin, M, Sadorge, C, Thomas, S, John, T, Pollard, AJ

المصدر: urn:ISSN:0264-410X ; urn:ISSN:1873-2518 ; Vaccine, 34, 35, 4221-4228

مصطلحات موضوعية: Infectious Diseases, Prevention, Vaccine Related, Pediatric, Biotechnology, Immunization, 3.4 Vaccines, 3 Prevention of disease and conditions, and promotion of well-being, Infection, 3 Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Antibodies, Bacterial, Viral, Antibody Formation, Child, Preschool, Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine, Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Secondary, Kinetics, Male, Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated, Oral, Toxoids

الوصف: Background Long term follow-up of vaccine trials is essential to establish the duration of protection. In the context of worldwide concern about rising pertussis incidence, estimates of antibody persistence after vaccination, which do not account for the rise in antibody due to natural boosting or infection, may overestimate the degree of protection afforded by pertussis vaccines. Methods This was a 5 year follow up study of a randomised controlled trial of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and polio booster vaccines in UK children aged 3.5–5 years. Antibody persistence was measured at 1 month, 1, 3, and 5 years after vaccination and the kinetics of antibody decline were modelled longitudinally. Estimates of predicted antibody persistence 9 years after the pre-school booster were derived from model parameters. Results Antibody levels 9 years after vaccination were predicted to be above accepted thresholds for protection for diphtheria, tetanus and polio. Antibody responses to pertussis toxoid were undetectable in 49% of children at the 5 year follow up visit, and responses were predicted to be undetectable in 69% (95% CI 45–88%) of children by the time of their teenage booster at 13–14 years of age. Conclusions There is no defined correlate of protection for pertussis. However, the large proportion of participants in this study with undetectable pertussis antibody levels at both measured and predicted timepoints suggests sub-optimal immunity in adolescence. Adding pertussis to the teenage booster for UK children as is done in other countries, would enhance immunity in adolescence.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

العلاقة: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.4/unsworks_75352Test; https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/bitstreams/ff5389cf-109d-48a3-816c-f55715623c75/downloadTest; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.06.051Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.06.051Test
http://hdl.handle.net/1959.4/unsworks_75352Test
https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/bitstreams/ff5389cf-109d-48a3-816c-f55715623c75/downloadTest