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Tumor markers, also called biological markers or biomarkers, are defined as molecules, substances or processes that are qualitatively or quantitatively altered as a result of a precancerous condition or cancer, detectable by laboratory testing in blood, body fluids or in tissues. The nature of the tumor markers is highly variable, ranging from nucleic acid, DNA or RNA, a protein or peptide, to complex processes such as an antibody, apoptosis, proliferation or amylogenesis. From the point of view of their origin, tumor markers are produced by the tumor itself, such as the chorionic gonadotropin in choriocarcinoma, or in response to the tumor by the surrounding tissue, such as the carcinoembryonic antigen in breast cancer. There is no ideal tumor marker, defined as those with a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. Tumor markers may be used for screening people with risk of developing cancer, for early detection of confined and potentially curable disease, as part of the diagnosis, the differential diagnosis, as a prognostic and predictive value test, as a tool to assess the treatment administered, and for the detection of relapse if the patient has a new opportunity for treatment before clinical manifestations reappear. This module analyzes the main tumor markers available in our media, such as the carcinoembryonic antigen, alpha-fetoprotein, prostate specific antigen, CA 15-3, CA 125, CA 19-9, Cyfra 21-1, chorionic gonadotropin, calcitonin, ferritin and beta 2 microglobulin, among other markers. Furthermore, other subrogated markers, such as Helicobacter pylori and papillomavirus infection will be discussed. ; Los marcadores tumorales, también denominados marcadores biológicos o biomarcadores, se definen como moléculas, sustancias o procesos que se alteran cualitativa o cuantitativamente como resultado de una condición precancerosa o un cáncer, detectables mediante una prueba de laboratorio en sangre, en líquidos orgánicos o en tejidos. La naturaleza de los marcadores tumorales es muy variable: va desde ácido ... |
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