Abstract Objectives To evaluate the prevention efficacy of scaling up HIV/AIDS antiretroviral therapy (ART) on HIV transmission at the population level and determine associated factors of HIV secondary transmission. Methods We used HIV longitudinal molecular networks to assess the genetic linkage between baseline and newly diagnosed cases. A generalized estimating equation was applied to determine the associations between demographic, clinical characteristics and HIV transmission. Results Patients on ART had a 32% lower risk of HIV transmission than those not on ART. A 36% reduction in risk was also seen if ART-patients maintained their HIV viral load lower than 50 copies/mL. A 71% lower risk occurred when patients sustained ART for at least 3 years and kept HIV viral load less than 50 copies/mL. Patients who discontinued ART had a similar HIV transmission risk as those not on ART. Patients who were older, male, non-Han, not single, retired, infected via a heterosexual route of transmission and those who possessed higher CD4 counts had a higher risk of HIV transmission. HIV-1 subtype of CRF01_AE was less transmissible than other subtypes. Conclusions The efficacy of ART in a real-world setting was supported by this longitudinal molecular network study. Promoting adherence to ART is crucial to reduce HIV transmission.
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