التفاصيل البيبلوغرافية
| العنوان: |
Acute Effects of Single Versus Combined Inhaled β2-Agonists Salbutamol and Formoterol on Time Trial Performance, Lung Function, Metabolic and Endocrine Variables. |
| المؤلفون: |
Bizjak, Daniel A., Nussbaumer, Dorle, Winkert, Kay, Treff, Gunnar, Takabajashi, Kensuke, Mentz, Lennart, Schober, Franziska, Buhl, Jasmine-Lèonike, John, Lucas, Dreyhaupt, Jens, Steeb, Luise, Harps, Lukas C., Parr, Maria K., Diel, Patrick, Zügel, Martina, Steinacker, Jürgen M. |
| المصدر: |
Sports Medicine - Open; 8/28/2023, Vol. 9 Issue 1, p1-15, 15p |
| مصطلحات موضوعية: |
LUNG physiology, PROTEIN metabolism, ADRENERGIC beta agonists, BIOMARKERS, LEFT heart ventricle, ENERGY metabolism, AEROBIC capacity, ERGOGENIC aids, SKELETAL muscle, FOLLICLE-stimulating hormone, BIOPSY, LUNGS, HEART, ALBUTEROL, BLOOD collection, GLOBAL longitudinal strain, MICROARRAY technology, TREATMENT effectiveness, PLACEBOS, GENE expression, RANDOMIZED controlled trials, PRE-tests & post-tests, INSULIN, ENDURANCE sports, BLIND experiment, URINE collection & preservation, LUTEINIZING hormone, ENZYME-linked immunosorbent assay, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, RESEARCH funding, INHALATION administration, ATHLETIC ability, CROSSOVER trials, ERGOMETRY, BIOMECHANICS, POLYMERASE chain reaction, DATA analysis software, ENDOCRINE system, LONGITUDINAL method, PHARMACODYNAMICS |
| مستخلص: |
Background: High prevalence rates of β2-agonist use among athletes in competitive sports makes it tempting to speculate that illegitimate use of β2-agonists boosts performance. However, data regarding the potential performance-enhancing effects of inhaled β2-agonists and its underlying molecular basis are scarce. Methods: In total, 24 competitive endurance athletes (12f/12m) participated in a clinical double-blinded balanced four-way block cross-over trial to investigate single versus combined effects of β2-agonists salbutamol (SAL) and formoterol (FOR), to evaluate the potential performance enhancement of SAL (1200 µg, Cyclocaps, Pb Pharma GmbH), FOR (36 µg, Sandoz, HEXAL AG) and SAL + FOR (1200 µg + 36 µg) compared to placebo (PLA, Gelatine capsules containing lactose monohydrate, Pharmacy of the University Hospital Ulm). Measurements included skeletal muscle gene and protein expression, endocrine regulation, urinary/serum β2-agonist concentrations, cardiac markers, cardiopulmonary and lung function testing and the 10-min time trial (TT) performance on a bicycle ergometer as outcome variables. Blood and urine samples were collected pre-, post-, 3 h post- and 24 h post-TT. Results: Mean power output during TT was not different between study arms. Treatment effects regarding lung function (p < 0.001), echocardiographic (left ventricular end-systolic volume p = 0.037; endocardial global longitudinal strain p < 0.001) and metabolic variables (e.g. NR4A2 and ATF3 pathway) were observed without any influence on performance. In female athletes, total serum β2-agonist concentrations for SAL and FOR were higher. Microarray muscle gene analysis showed a treatment effect for target genes in energy metabolism with strongest effect by SAL + FOR (NR4A2; p = 0.001). Of endocrine variables, follicle-stimulating hormone (3 h Post–Post-TT), luteinizing hormone (3 h Post–Pre-TT) and insulin (Post–Pre-TT) concentrations showed a treatment effect (all p < 0.05). Conclusions: No endurance performance-enhancing effect for SAL, FOR or SAL + FOR within the permitted dosages compared to PLA was found despite an acute effect on lung and cardiac function as well as endocrine and metabolic variables in healthy participants. The impact of combined β2-agonists on performance and sex-specific thresholds on the molecular and cardiac level and their potential long-term performance enhancing or health effects have still to be determined. Trial registration: Registered at Eudra CT with the number: 2015-005598-19 (09.12.2015) and DRKS with number DRKS00010574 (16.11.2021, retrospectively registered). Key Points: • Combined β2-agonist application in threshold doses according to World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) standards does not result in acute enhanced high-intensity endurance performance in healthy male and female athletes. • Sex-specific thresholds have to be considered as female sex showed significantly higher β2-agonist serum concentrations compared to their male counterparts. • Acute effects on lung function and cardiac variables are observed with presumably no performance-enhancing effects in competitions of short duration, but effects in longer time trials or long-term health effects have to be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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| قاعدة البيانات: |
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