المؤلفون: Sarah E. Williams

المصدر: Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 44:99-106

مصطلحات موضوعية: medicine.medical_specialty, Movement (music), Random assignment, 05 social sciences, Psychological intervention, 030229 sport sciences, 050105 experimental psychology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Motor imagery, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, Intervention (counseling), Action observation, medicine, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Observation group, Psychology, Applied Psychology, Stroop effect

الوصف: Objectives This study compared the effectiveness of an imagery intervention with an action observation intervention on the effectiveness of improving the ability to image different content and characteristics. These two intervention techniques were also compared to a control condition. Design Experimental study, random assignment to one of three groups and repeated assessments. Method Participants (N = 51; 59% female; Mage = 19.37, SD = 1.33) were randomly assigned to one of three intervention groups: 1) imagery, 2) observation, 3) control. Imagery ability was assessed using the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-3 (MIQ-3) and Sport Imagery Ability Questionnaire (SIAQ) before and after the 4-week intervention. Groups consisted of either imaging a series of finger exercises (imagery group), observing videos of the same exercises (observation group), or performing the stroop task (control group). The intervention was conducted once a week in the lab, and imagery and observation interventions were also performed in participants’ own time between visits. Results Participants in the imagery and observation groups experienced a significant increase in their SIAQ skill, strategy, and mastery imagery ability from baseline to post intervention (ps Conclusions Imagery and observation are similarly effective intervention strategies in improving movement based imagery ability. Observation of actions appears to elicit spontaneous imagery in most people.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_________::bd9e3f5d582d9cf7b56b5ae99bc58086Test
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.05.005Test

المؤلفون: Mark Campbell, Aidan Moran, John Toner

المصدر: Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 42:8-15

مصطلحات موضوعية: 05 social sciences, Cognition, 030229 sport sciences, 050105 experimental psychology, Additional research, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Motor imagery, Phenomenon, Mental representation, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Narrative review, Quiet eye, Psychology, Applied Psychology, Cognitive psychology

الوصف: Objectives The present paper elucidates some cognitive mechanisms of expertise in sport that have emerged from recent studies of three topics in psychology: motor imagery; flow and “clutch” states; and the “quiet eye” phenomenon. Design A selective narrative review was conducted of research on the three preceding topics. Special consideration was given to recent studies by European researchers on these topics. Method Following a brief overview of theoretical approaches to sport expertise, the paper examines certain cognitive mechanisms of elite athletic performance that have emerged from recent studies of motor imagery; flow and “clutch” states; and the “quiet eye” phenomenon. In the final section, conclusions are drawn about theoretical progress in understanding the cognitive mechanisms of expertise in sport. Results The mechanisms underlying sport expertise reflect both task-specific and universal cognitive processes (e.g., mental representations). Conclusion Considerable progress has been made in identifying the cognitive mechanisms underlying expertise in sport but additional research is required to address certain unresolved issues in this field.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_________::2dd72f9dd65e91e66c11b5f376bfc320Test
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.12.019Test

المؤلفون: Niall Ramsbottom, Eoghan McNeill, Adam J. Toth, Mark Campbell

المصدر: Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 54:101910

مصطلحات موضوعية: medicine.medical_specialty, 05 social sciences, Motor control, 030229 sport sciences, 050105 experimental psychology, Task (project management), 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Motor imagery, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, Action observation, medicine, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Psychology, Applied Psychology, Motor skill

الوصف: Action observation (AO) and motor imagery (MI) are simulation states that have been demonstrated to independently enhance motor skill performance. Historically, AO and MI were examined in isolation from one another; however recent neurophysiological and behavioural evidence indicates that using MI during AO (AO + MI) may be more potent at enhancing performance than either simulation state alone. The AO component of AO + MI is typically delivered via a self-model or skilled-peer model paradigm, via an observation video. The purpose of the proposed study was to further examine the implementation of AO + MI states by directly comparing the effectiveness of self-modelled AO + MI and skilled-peer modelled AO + MI for augmenting performance on a golf putting task with a sample of 56 skilled golfers. Our primary hypothesis was that skilled participants who engaged with a self-model intervention would improve their performance more than those engaging with a skilled-peer model intervention. Results showed no significant differences in putting accuracy or precision improvement following the two conditions. However, the self-model group did significantly improve their club-path kinematics more than the skilled peer-model group. We suggest self-observation combined with MI can facilitate error detection and correction in skilled performers only on aspects of motor control most easily viewed during AO. These findings add to an emerging body of literature outlining the conditions in which AO + MI can effectively enhance sensorimotor skill performance. The stage 1 report can be found at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101683Test .

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_________::5cb95a1f498aa7e7208f5cad38945d7dTest
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101910Test

المؤلفون: Eoghan McNeill, Niall Ramsbottom, Adam J. Toth, Mark Campbell

المصدر: Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 49:101683

مصطلحات موضوعية: Sensorimotor performance, 05 social sciences, Context (language use), 030229 sport sciences, 050105 experimental psychology, Task (project management), 03 medical and health sciences, Improved performance, Motor imagery, 0302 clinical medicine, Action observation, Mental representation, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Faculty of Science & Health AIT, Psychology, Applied Psychology, Motor skill, Cognitive psychology

الوصف: Action observation (AO) and motor imagery (MI) are simulation states that have been demonstrated to independently enhance motor skill performance. Historically, AO and MI were examined in isolation from one another; however recent neurophysiological and behavioural evidence indicates that using MI during AO (AO+MI) may be more potent at enhancing performance than either simulation state alone. The AO component of AO+MI is typically delivered via a self-modelled or peer-skilled model paradigm, via an observation video. The purpose of the proposed study is to further examine the implementation of AO+MI states by directly comparing the effectiveness of self-modelled AO+MI with peer-skilled modelled AO+MI to augment performance on a golf putting task with a sample of 56 skilled golfers. Our primary hypothesis predicts that skilled participants who engage with a self-modelled intervention will improve their performance more than those engaging with a peer-skilled model intervention. This hypothesis is predicated on the idea that self-modelling will be used in the context of performers’ existing mental representation and will facilitate improved performance, whereas the peer modelling may destabilize skilled performers’ existing mental representation.

وصف الملف: PDF; application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::49896750ca8c84f95bd06a9d00403f09Test
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101683Test

المؤلفون: Aidan Moran, Eoghan McNeill, Mark Campbell, Adam J. Toth, Kevin Hayes

المصدر: Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 48:101672

مصطلحات موضوعية: Working memory, 05 social sciences, Cognition, 030229 sport sciences, Publication bias, 050105 experimental psychology, Session (web analytics), Task (project management), 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Motor imagery, Intervention (counseling), 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Duration (project management), Psychology, Applied Psychology, Cognitive psychology

الوصف: Objectives Motor imagery (MI) is a dynamic mental state during which the representation of a given motor movement is rehearsed in working memory without overt motor output. Mental practice (MP; also known as motor imagery practice) is the systematic application of MI for the cognitive rehearsal of a task in the absence of overt physical movements. Although MP is known to enhance skilled performance, debate still exists about the magnitude and moderators of these imagery effects. Against this background, and amid concerns about the “reproducibility crisis” in psychology, it seems timely to revisit, update and extend a key meta-analysis of MP effects published over two decades ago – namely, that of Driskell, Copper, and Moran (1994). To this end, the present paper reports a methodological replication of the Driskell et al’s (1994) meta-analysis of MP effects. Design & method Included are 37 studies on MP effects published between 1995 and 2018. Nine factors were selected to examine the extent to which they moderate the effectiveness of mental practice, providing a window into the conditions under which mental practice is most effectively implemented. Practice Type (Mental or Physical), Expertise, Duration of practice (both program and session), Task Type, and Control Type were retained as factors of interest from the original Driskell et al. (1994) meta-analysis. In order to further explore the nuance of mental practice implementation, we additionally examined the Imagery Type, the Performance Measure used, Activity Type (team versus individual activities) and the Setting of the intervention. Results Following publication bias analyses, our results confirm that overall, MP has a small but significant positive effect on performance (r = 0.131). Moderators of this beneficial effect were MP duration, type of task and type of imagery used. Conclusions We conclude that MP has an enduring positive influence on performance.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_________::bd6d70a48710356f3c2745ecf11303deTest
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101672Test

المؤلفون: Sarah N. Eppler, Shaun G. Boe, Alexandra Stratas, Sarah N. Kraeutner

المصدر: Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 48:101673

مصطلحات موضوعية: Hand laterality, 05 social sciences, Outcome measures, 030229 sport sciences, 050105 experimental psychology, Task (project management), 03 medical and health sciences, Motor task, 0302 clinical medicine, Motor imagery, Mental chronometry, Component (UML), Principal component analysis, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Psychology, Applied Psychology, Cognitive psychology

الوصف: Motor imagery (MI), the mental rehearsal of a motor task, is thought to be a synergistic interaction between processes that allow for the generation, maintenance, and manipulation, of motor images. While our understanding of the multidimensional nature of MI stems from research examining various methods to assess MI ability, limited research has been conducted employing multiple assessments across participants to probe the underlying dimensions of MI. Accordingly, the current study sought to explore the multidimensional nature of MI using an exploratory approach that would allow for the dimensions of imagery to be examined and linked to each assessment measure. Specifically, participants (N = 81) underwent a battery of MI-assessments (including questionnaires, mental chronometry, a hand laterality judgment task, and a MI-based learning task), and data was analyzed via principal component analysis (PCA). Three components resulted, which were named based on which outcome measures loaded on to the component: generation, maintenance, and manipulation of motor images. We further discuss a fourth component, named ‘temporal sequencing’ of motor images, identified via the initial component solution. Concordant with previous research, we highlight the importance of employing multiple measures when assessing imagery ability prior to its use in training. Notably, this work allowed us to link assessments of MI to the different dimensions of MI, informing on the nature of MI.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_________::682e82cb967cd86eb96a49fc8cf78726Test
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101673Test

المؤلفون: Eoghan McNeill, Mark Campbell, Adam J. Toth, Niall Ramsbottom

المصدر: Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 46:101610

مصطلحات موضوعية: medicine.medical_specialty, 05 social sciences, Skill level, Kinesthetic learning, 030229 sport sciences, Intervention group, Stimulus (physiology), 050105 experimental psychology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, Motor imagery, Radial error, Action observation, medicine, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Psychology, Applied Psychology, Motor skill

الوصف: Background Previous research has established that motor imagery (MI) and action observation (AO) independently enhance the performance and learning of motor skills. Recent studies have demonstrated that combining AO and MI (AO + MI) elicits increased activity in motor regions of the brain and enhances performance more than either AO or MI alone. Kinesthetic imagery (KI) ability refers to the ease with which one can sense their own body and imagine how a movement feels during a task (Malouin et al., 2007). KI ability may be of particular importance when engaging with AO + MI as the provision of an external visual stimulus through AO renders the visual component of MI redundant. Objective The current study aims to add to the emerging body of behavioural evidence demonstrating the performance benefits of AO + MI by exploring the effect of an AO + MI intervention on golf putting performance, as well as exploring the role that KI ability represents in AO + MI effectiveness. Method Right-handed male golfers (N = 44) of varying skill level performed twenty 15-foot putts before and after a 3.5 min AO + MI intervention (AO + MI group; mean handicap = 7.5, SD = 4.3) or a similarly timed passive reading task (Control group; mean handicap = 11.5, SD = 5.4). Using the MIQ-3 questionnaire, participants in both experimental groups were classified according to kinesthetic imagery ability where: a mean score ≥6 were classified as good imagers. Performance accuracy was measured using mean radial error (MRE), precision was quantified via bivariate error (BVE) and putter kinematics were recorded by SAM Puttlab. Results Results from a series of ANCOVAs indicate that good kinesthetic imagers who received the AO + MI intervention were significantly more precise (BVRE) on the putting task than good kinesthetic imagers in the Control group (p = 0.041, d = 0.678). Good kinesthetic imagers in the intervention group also significantly outperformed good kinesthetic imagers in the control group on a measure of speed control (SD of error scores along the axis of progression) in golf putting (p = 0.041). Conclusions Our results suggest that the presence of AO with MI increases the relevance of kinesthetic cues, that good kinesthetic imagers are able to utilise for subsequent performance benefits during the putting task. We discuss the increased importance of kinesthetic awareness/feel following the intervention as an explanation for such improvements in performance.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_________::0015fafb214e0770ef91ed78c2748451Test
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101610Test

المصدر: Psychology of Sport and Exercise.

مصطلحات موضوعية: medicine.medical_specialty, Flexor Carpi Ulnaris, Basketball, medicine.medical_treatment, 05 social sciences, 050105 experimental psychology, Transcranial magnetic stimulation, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Motor imagery, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, Motor system, medicine, Extensor Carpi Ulnaris, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Psychology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Applied Psychology, Motor skill, Free throw

الوصف: Objectives This experiment aimed to establish the extent to which independent action observation, independent motor imagery and combined action observation and motor imagery of a sport-related motor skill would elicit activity within the motor system. Design and method Eighteen, right-handed, male participants engaged in four conditions following a repeated measures design. The experimental conditions involved action observation, motor imagery, or combined action observation and motor imagery of a basketball free throw, whilst the control condition involved observation of a static image of a basketball player holding a basketball. In all conditions, single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was delivered to the forearm representation of the left motor cortex. The amplitude of the resulting motor evoked potentials were recorded from the flexor carpi ulnaris and extensor carpi ulnaris muscles of the right forearm and used as a marker of corticospinal excitability. Results Corticospinal excitability was facilitated significantly by combined action observation and motor imagery of the basketball free throw, in comparison to both the action observation and control conditions. In contrast, the independent use of either action observation or motor imagery did not facilitate corticospinal excitability compared to the control condition. Conclusions The findings have implications for the design and delivery of action observation and motor imagery interventions in sport. As corticospinal excitability was facilitated by the use of combined action observation and motor imagery, researchers should seek to establish the efficacy of implementing combined action observation and motor imagery interventions for improving motor skill performance and learning in applied sporting settings.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_________::5f8d167f333dd0ce8e7fd554dc0d60ffTest