المؤلفون: Beach, Derek¹ (AUTHOR) derek@ps.au.dk, Smeets, Sandrino² (AUTHOR)

المصدر: Politics & Policy. Dec2022, Vol. 50 Issue 6, p1177-1202. 26p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *BANKING industry, *POLICY diffusion, *GOVERNMENT policy, *EPISTEMICS, *PUBLIC administration

الملخص (بالإنجليزية): Why do smart policy makers who try to learn from policy failure end up overgeneralizing these lessons when facing new crises? This article focuses on the policy learning that can come in the wake of perceived policy failure, and the consequences that lesson learning has for diagnosing and tackling subsequent crises. We argue, in contrast to much of the existing literature, that failure can result in policy learning when the policy area is highly complex and there are recognized experts that have epistemic authority in the issue. At the same time, lessons tend to become overgeneralized in which policy makers facing a new crisis extrapolate the lessons learned from the past failure with little consideration of whether the circumstances are similar enough to be applicable. Our argument is assessed empirically using a process‐tracing analysis of how the EU responded to the Spanish banking crisis in 2012. Related Articles: Butz, Adam M., Michael P. Fix, and Joshua L. Mitchell. 2015. "Policy Learning and the Diffusion of Stand‐Your‐Ground Laws." Politics & Policy 43(3): 347–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12116Test. Considine, Mark. 2012. "Applying Design Theory to Public Policy." Politics & Policy 40(4): 704–24. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747Test‐1346.2012.00372.x. Raile, Eric D., Amber N. Raile, Charles T. Salmon, and Lori Ann Post. 2014. "Defining Public Will." Politics & Policy 42(1): 103–30. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12063Test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract (Spanish): Una vez mordido dos veces tímido: La trampa de la sobregeneralización y el aprendizaje epistémico después del fracaso de las políticas ¿Por qué los responsables políticos inteligentes que tratan de aprender del fracaso de las políticas terminan generalizando en exceso estas lecciones cuando se enfrentan a nuevas crisis? Este artículo se centra en el aprendizaje de políticas que puede surgir a raíz de un fracaso político percibido y las consecuencias que tiene el aprendizaje de lecciones para diagnosticar y abordar crisis posteriores. Argumentamos, en contraste con gran parte de la literatura existente, que el fracaso puede resultar en el aprendizaje de políticas cuando el área de políticas es muy compleja y hay expertos reconocidos que tienen autoridad epistémica en el tema. Al mismo tiempo, las lecciones tienden a generalizarse en exceso y los responsables de formular políticas que enfrentan una nueva crisis extrapolan las lecciones aprendidas del fracaso pasado sin considerar si las circunstancias son lo suficientemente similares como para ser aplicables. Nuestro argumento se evalúa empíricamente utilizando un análisis de seguimiento de procesos de cómo la UE respondió a la crisis bancaria española en 2012. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract (Chinese): 一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳: 政策失败后的过度泛化陷阱与认知学习 为何那些试图从政策失败中吸取经验的政策制定者在面临新危机时最终会过度泛化这些经验?本文聚焦于在感知政策失败后可能出现的政策学习，以及经验对诊断和应对后续危机产生的结果。与许多现有文献相比，我们论证认为，当政策领域具有高度复杂性并且存在对该问题具有认知权威的公认专家时，政策失败可能会导致政策学习。与此同时，经验往往过于泛化，即面临新危机的决策者从政策失败中推断出经验，但很少考虑这些经验是否与新危机足够相似而具有适用性。通过对欧盟如何响应 2012 年西班牙银行业危机一事进行过程追踪分析，我们对论点进行了实证评估。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Mallinson, Daniel J., Lovell, Darrell

المصدر: Politics & Policy; Dec2022, Vol. 50 Issue 6, p1221-1240, 20p

مصطلحات موضوعية: EDUCATION policy, INTERVENTION (Federal government), DIFFUSION of innovations theory, POLICY diffusion, SCHOOL boards, CORPORATE turnarounds

مصطلحات جغرافية: NEW Jersey

مستخلص: This study aims to explain the adoption and spread of school turnaround legislation in the American states. While turnaround policy started in New Jersey in 1989, it did not spread rapidly or widely until the eras of No Child Left Behind and Race to the Top (RTTT). We specifically address how RTTT leveraged a coercive federalism that helped propel policies like school turnarounds. Using data on turnaround adoptions from 1989 to 2019 and applying diffusion of innovations theory, we find evidence that ideological learning and RTTT competition relate to the policy's spread among the states, though there is stronger evidence for a horizontal diffusion than a vertical one. The findings build on a growing literature regarding the dynamics of federal oversight in policy diffusion and contribute to understanding how competitive incentives like RTTT can have ripple effects on nonwinning states. Related Articles: Butz, Adam M., Michael P. Fix, and Joshua L. Mitchell. 2015. "Policy Learning and the Diffusion of Stand‐Your‐Ground Laws." Politics & Policy 43(3): 347–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12116Test. Maranto, Robert, Julie Trivitt, Malachi Nichols, and Angela Watson. 2017. "No Contractual Obligation to Improve Education: School Boards and Their Superintendents." Politics & Policy 45(6): 1003–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12216Test. Satterthwaite, Shad. 2002. "State Charter School Adoptions: A Probit Regression Model." Politics & Policy 30(1): 32–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747Test‐1346.2002.tb00633.x. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Politics & Policy is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Maags, Christina

المصدر: Politics & Policy; Feb2020, Vol. 48 Issue 1, p69-106, 38p

مصطلحات موضوعية: LONG-term care insurance, INSTITUTIONAL isomorphism, POLITICAL competition, POLICY diffusion, SOCIAL services, INSTITUTIONAL logic

مصطلحات جغرافية: SOUTH Korea, TAIWAN, JAPAN

الملخص (بالإنجليزية): Since the 1990s, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan have adopted long‐term care social insurance (LTCI) systems to face the growing "aging crisis" in their countries. The comparative scholarship suggests the diffusion of the Japanese model among East Asian states. Bridging policy learning, agenda setting, and historical institutionalist approaches, this study comparatively examines how ideational and institutional processes have impacted political competition and ultimately the adoption of LTCIs in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. I argue that each country's LTCI design differs greatly from one another, displaying distinctive forms of institutional bricolage—not institutional isomorphism. In this process, time has been a crucial factor. Time affects ideational, institutional, and political processes differently. The relative weight of ideational and institutional processes at a particular moment in time and their evolution over time has a significant impact on whether policy change occurs, and whether this change may gradually undermine the logic of welfare regimes. Related Articles: Butz, Adam M., Michael P. Fix, and Joshua L. Mitchell. 2015. "Policy Learning and the Diffusion of Stand‐Your‐Ground Laws." Politics & Policy 43 (3): 347‐377. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12116Test Cho, Sungik, and Yool Choi. 2017. "Convergent or Divergent? The Hidden Dynamics of Institutional Changes in the Labor Markets and Social Welfare Systems in South Korea and Japan." Politics & Policy 45 (4): 594‐625. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12208Test Maags, Christina, and Ioan Trifu. 2019. "When East Meets West: International Change and its Effects on Domestic Cultural Institutions." Politics & Policy 47 (2): 326‐380. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12296Test [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract (Spanish): Adopción de seguros de cuidados a largo plazo en Asia oriental: política, ideas, e instituciones Desde la década de 1990, Japón, Corea del Sur y Taiwán han adoptado sistemas de seguro social LTC (LTCI) para enfrentar la creciente "crisis de envejecimiento" en sus países. La investigación comparativa sugiere la difusión del modelo japonés entre los estados del este asiático. Combinando el aprendizaje de políticas, el establecimiento de la agenda y los enfoques institucionalistas históricos, este estudio examina comparativamente cómo los procesos ideológicos e institucionales han impactado la competencia política y, en última instancia, la adopción de LTCI en Japón, Corea del Sur y Taiwán. Sostengo que el diseño LTCI de cada país difiere mucho entre sí, mostrando formas distintivas de bricolaje institucional, no isomorfismo institucional. En este proceso, el tiempo ha sido un factor crucial. El tiempo afecta los procesos ideológicos, institucionales y políticos de manera diferente. El peso relativo de los procesos ideológicos e institucionales en un momento particular en el tiempo y su evolución a lo largo del tiempo tiene un impacto significativo sobre si se produce un cambio de política y si este cambio puede socavar gradualmente la lógica de los regímenes de bienestar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract (Chinese): 东亚长期护理保险的采纳：政治、观念与制度: 自20世纪90年代起，日本、韩国和台湾已采用长期护理社会保险（LTCI）体系，应对各自国家中不断加大的"老龄化危机"。通过对文献进行比较，发现日本模式在东亚国家中扩散。通过在政策学习、议程设置和历史制度主义方法之间搭建桥梁，本研究从比较的角度检验了观念过程和制度过程如何影响政治竞争，并最终影响LTCIs在日本、韩国和台湾中的使用。我主张，每个国家的LTCI设计之间都存在巨大差异，展现出制度拼凑（institutional bricolage）的独特形式，而不是制度同构（institutional isomorphism）。在此过程中，时间一直是一个关键因素。时间对观念过程、制度过程和政治过程的影响各不相同。观念过程和制度过程在某个特殊时刻的相对比重、以及随时间推移而演变的发展，会显著影响政策变化是否会发生，以及政策变化是否会逐渐破坏福利体制的逻辑。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Politics & Policy is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)