المؤلفون: Kyra Janot, Miki Fujita, Katia Ruel, Geoffrey O. Wasteneys, Jean-Paul Joseleau, José M. Estevez, Patrick T. Martone

المصدر: Planta. 250(6)

مصطلحات موضوعية: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, INTERTIDAL, SEAWEED, CORALLINE, Plant Science, Red algae, 01 natural sciences, RHODOPHYTA, Ciencias Biológicas, Cell wall, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Algae, Cell Wall, Genetics, MACROALGAE, Cellulose, biology, Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Seaweed, BIOMECHANICS, Calliarthron, Thallus, Biomechanical Phenomena, CALLIARTHRON, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, CONVERGENT EVOLUTION, Microfibrils, Biophysics, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, GENICULA, Microfibril, Secondary cell wall, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS, CARBOHYDRATE-BINDING MODULE, 010606 plant biology & botany

الوصف: Main conclusion: Cellulosic secondary walls evolved convergently in coralline red macroalgae, reinforcing tissues against wave-induced breakage, despite differences in cellulose abundance, microfibril orientation, and wall structure. Abstract: Cellulose-enriched secondary cell walls are the hallmark of woody vascular plants, which develop thickened walls to support upright growth and resist toppling in terrestrial environments. Here we investigate the striking presence and convergent evolution of cellulosic secondary walls in coralline red algae, which reinforce thalli against forces applied by crashing waves. Despite ostensible similarities to secondary wall synthesis in land plants, we note several structural and mechanical differences. In coralline red algae, secondary walls contain three-times more cellulose (~ 22% w/w) than primary walls (~ 8% w/w), and their presence nearly doubles the total thickness of cell walls (~ 1.2 µm thick). Field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed that cellulose bundles are cylindrical and lack any predominant orientation in both primary and secondary walls. His-tagged recombinant carbohydrate-binding module differentiated crystalline and amorphous cellulose in planta, noting elevated levels of crystalline cellulose in secondary walls. With the addition of secondary cell walls, Calliarthron genicular tissues become significantly stronger and tougher, yet remain remarkably extensible, more than doubling in length before breaking under tension. Thus, the development of secondary walls contributes to the strong-yet-flexible genicular tissues that enable coralline red algae to survive along wave-battered coastlines throughout the NE Pacific. This study provides an important evolutionary perspective on the development and biomechanical significance of secondary cell walls in a non-model, non-vascular plant. Fil: Martone, Patrick T.. University of British Columbia; Canadá Fil: Janot, Kyra. University of British Columbia; Canadá Fil: Fujita, Miki. University of British Columbia; Canadá Fil: Wasteneys, Geoffrey. University of British Columbia; Canadá Fil: Ruel, Katia. E.I. Link-Conseil; Francia Fil: Joseleau, Jean-Paul. E.I. Link-Conseil; Francia Fil: Estevez, Jose Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad Andrés Bello; Chile

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::4b9919d17f31a7cb2b2b98ec19ab4b1dTest
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31482328Test

المؤلفون: Yongfang Wan, Paul Dupree, Huw Jones, Rowan A. C. Mitchell, Michael J. Ray, Peter R. Shewry, Keywan Hassani-Pak, Ambrose Andongabo, Theodora Tryfona, Angela Karp, C. Gritsch

المصدر: Planta

مصطلحات موضوعية: 0106 biological sciences, Willow, animal structures, LM10 antibody, macromolecular substances, Plant Science, 01 natural sciences, Lignin, Secondary xylem, Cell wall, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Cell Wall, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Botany, Genetics, RNA, Messenger, Cellulose, Genetic Association Studies, In Situ Hybridization, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, biology, Plant Stems, fungi, technology, industry, and agriculture, Xylem, food and beverages, Salix, Salix purpurea, biology.organism_classification, Xylan, Hemicellulose, Tree stem transcriptome, chemistry, Original Article, Xylans, Phloem, Secondary cell wall, 010606 plant biology & botany

الوصف: The properties of the secondary cell wall (SCW) in willow largely determine the suitability of willow biomass feedstock for potential bioenergy and biofuel applications. SCW development has been little studied in willow and it is not known how willow compares with model species, particularly the closely related genus Populus. To address this and relate SCW synthesis to candidate genes in willow, a tractable bud culture-derived system was developed in Salix purpurea, and cell wall composition and RNA-Seq transcriptome were followed in stems during early development. A large increase in SCW deposition in the period 0–2 weeks after transfer to soil was characterised by a big increase in xylan content, but no change in the frequency of substitution of xylan with glucuronic acid, and increased abundance of putative transcripts for synthesis of SCW cellulose, xylan and lignin. Histochemical staining and immunolabeling revealed that increased deposition of lignin and xylan was associated with xylem, xylem fibre cells and phloem fibre cells. Transcripts orthologous to those encoding xylan synthase components IRX9 and IRX10 and xylan glucuronyl transferase GUX1 in Arabidopsis were co-expressed, and showed the same spatial pattern of expression revealed by in situ hybridisation at four developmental stages, with abundant expression in proto-xylem, xylem fibre and ray parenchyma cells and some expression in phloem fibre cells. The results show a close similarity with SCW development in Populus species, but also give novel information on the relationship between spatial and temporal variation in xylan-related transcripts and xylan composition. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00425-014-2034-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::d8fefa96cbf7965d88e73f7cdef31a36Test
http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3997797Test

المؤلفون: Ronald R. Sederoff, Ying-Chung Lin, Jack P. Wang, Vincent L. Chiang, Rui Shi, Ying-Hsuan Sun, Quanzi Li, Hao Chen

المصدر: Planta. 245(5)

مصطلحات موضوعية: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Populus trichocarpa, Cell type, Plant Science, Phloem, 01 natural sciences, Lignin, Cell wall, 03 medical and health sciences, Cell Wall, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Xylem, Botany, Gene expression, Genetics, Cluster Analysis, Cellulose, Gene, Transcription factor, Plant Proteins, biology, Sequence Analysis, RNA, fungi, Molecular Sequence Annotation, biology.organism_classification, Wood, Cell biology, Plant Leaves, 030104 developmental biology, Populus, Organ Specificity, Transcriptome, Secondary cell wall, 010606 plant biology & botany, Transcription Factors

الوصف: Co-expression networks based on transcriptomes of Populus trichocarpa major tissues and specific cell types suggest redundant control of cell wall component biosynthetic genes by transcription factors in wood formation. We analyzed the transcriptomes of five tissues (xylem, phloem, shoot, leaf, and root) and two wood forming cell types (fiber and vessel) of Populus trichocarpa to assemble gene co-expression subnetworks associated with wood formation. We identified 165 transcription factors (TFs) that showed xylem-, fiber-, and vessel-specific expression. Of these 165 TFs, 101 co-expressed (correlation coefficient, r > 0.7) with the 45 secondary cell wall cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin biosynthetic genes. Each cell wall component gene co-expressed on average with 34 TFs, suggesting redundant control of the cell wall component gene expression. Co-expression analysis showed that the 101 TFs and the 45 cell wall component genes each has two distinct groups (groups 1 and 2), based on their co-expression patterns. The group 1 TFs (44 members) are predominantly xylem and fiber specific, and are all highly positively co-expressed with the group 1 cell wall component genes (30 members), suggesting their roles as major wood formation regulators. Group 1 TFs include a lateral organ boundary domain gene (LBD) that has the highest number of positively correlated cell wall component genes (36) and TFs (47). The group 2 TFs have 57 members, including 14 vessel-specific TFs, and are generally less correlated with the cell wall component genes. An exception is a vessel-specific basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) gene that negatively correlates with 20 cell wall component genes, and may function as a key transcriptional suppressor. The co-expression networks revealed here suggest a well-structured transcriptional homeostasis for cell wall component biosynthesis during wood formation.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::8d7def8643a936520fbc76bb77587523Test
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28083709Test

المؤلفون: Carl J. Douglas, Brian E. Ellis, Shawn D. Mansfield, Abdul Ahad, Apurva Bhargava, Shucai Wang, George W. Haughn

المصدر: Planta. 237:1199-1211

مصطلحات موضوعية: Regulation of gene expression, Plant Stems, biology, Arabidopsis Proteins, Mutant, Arabidopsis, Plant Science, biology.organism_classification, Cell biology, Protein–protein interaction, Cell Wall, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Two-Hybrid System Techniques, Seeds, Botany, Genetics, Arabidopsis thaliana, MYB, Transcription factor, Secondary cell wall, Transcription Factors

الوصف: The Arabidopsis thaliana KNAT7 (KNOX family) and MYB75 (MYB family) transcription factors were each shown earlier to interact in yeast two-hybrid assays, and to modulate secondary cell wall formation in inflorescence stems. We demonstrate here that their interaction also occurs in vivo, and that specific domains of each protein mediate this process. The participation of these interacting transcription factors in secondary cell wall formation was then extended to the developing seed coat through the use of targeted transcript analysis and SEM in single loss-of-function mutants. Novel genetic and protein-protein interactions of MYB75 and KNAT7 with other transcription factors known to be involved in seed coat regulation were also identified. We propose that a MYB75-associated protein complex is likely to be involved in modulating secondary cell wall biosynthesis in both the Arabidopsis inflorescence stem and seed coat, and that at least some parts of the transcriptional regulatory network in the two tissues are functionally conserved.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::0e2c96c49b2f3fd040f92483f74cc9dfTest
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-012-1821-9Test

المؤلفون: Jong Sik Kim, Geoffrey Daniel

المصدر: Planta. 236:1275-1288

مصطلحات موضوعية: Cell type, Plant Stems, biology, Arabidopsis, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Plant Science, biology.organism_classification, Vascular bundle, Immunohistochemistry, Xylan, Antibodies, Cell wall, Biochemistry, Cell Wall, Polysaccharides, Xylem, Genetics, Biophysics, Arabidopsis thaliana, Xylans, Plant Vascular Bundle, Secondary cell wall, Middle lamella

الوصف: We investigated the microdistribution of xylans in different cell types of Arabidopsis stem using immunolocalization methods with LM10 and LM11 antibodies. Xylan labeling in xylary fibers (fibers) was initially detected at the cell corner of the S(1) layer and increased gradually during fiber maturation, showing correlation between xylan labeling and general secondary cell wall formation processes in fibers. Metaxylem vessels (vessels) showed earlier development of secondary cell walls than fibers, but revealed almost identical labeling patterns to fibers during maturation. No difference in labeling patterns and intensity was detected in the cell wall of fibers, vessels and protoxylem vessels (proto-vessels) between LM10 and LM11, indicating that vascular bundle cells may be chemically composed of a highly homogeneous xylan type. Interestingly, interfascicular fibers (If-fibers) showed different labeling patterns between the two antibodies and also between different developmental stages. LM10 showed no labeling in primary cell walls and intercellular layers of If-fibers at the S(1) formation stage, but some labeling was detected in middle lamella cell corner regions at the S(2) formation stage. In contrast, LM11 revealed uniform labeling across the If-fiber cell wall during all developmental stages. These results suggest that If-fibers have different xylan deposition processes and patterns from vascular bundle cells. The presence of xylan was also confirmed in parenchyma cells following pectinase treatment. Together our results indicate that there are temporal and spatial differences in xylan labeling between cell types in Arabidopsis stem. Differences in xylan labeling between Arabidopsis stem and poplar are also discussed.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::76d77aaf32e2c6de07fee340d8700797Test
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-012-1686-yTest

المؤلفون: Akira Inoue, Taizo Motomura, Makoto Terauchi, Toshiaki Ito, Chikako Nagasato

المصدر: Planta. 244(2)

مصطلحات موضوعية: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Proteomics, Alginates, Plant Science, Polysaccharide, Phaeophyta, 01 natural sciences, Cell wall, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Glucuronic Acid, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, Cell Wall, Botany, Genetics, Extracellular, Cellulose, chemistry.chemical_classification, Gametophyte, biology, Ectocarpus siliculosus, Hexuronic Acids, biology.organism_classification, Immunohistochemistry, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, Biophysics, Calcium, Ectocarpales, Secondary cell wall, 010606 plant biology & botany

الوصف: This work investigated a correlation between the three-dimensional architecture and compound-components of the brown algal cell wall. Calcium greatly contributes to the cell wall integrity. Brown algae have a unique cell wall consisting of alginate, cellulose, and sulfated polysaccharides. However, the relationship between the architecture and the composition of the cell wall is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the architecture of the cell wall and the effect of extracellular calcium in the sporophyte and gametophyte of the model brown alga, Ectocarpus siliculosus (Dillwyn) Lyngbye, using transmission electron microscopy, histochemical, and immunohistochemical studies. The lateral cell wall of vegetative cells of the sporophyte thalli had multilayered architecture containing electron-dense and negatively stained fibrils. Electron tomographic analysis showed that the amount of the electron-dense fibrils and the junctions was different between inner and outer layers, and between the perpendicular and tangential directions of the cell wall. By immersing the gametophyte thalli in the low-calcium (one-eighth of the normal concentration) artificial seawater medium, the fibrous layers of the lateral cell wall of vegetative cells became swollen. Destruction of cell wall integrity was also induced by the addition of sorbitol. The results demonstrated that electron-dense fibrils were composed of alginate-calcium fibrous gels, and electron negatively stained fibrils were crystalline cellulose microfibrils. It was concluded that the spatial arrangement of electron-dense fibrils was different between the layers and between the directions of the cell wall, and calcium was necessary for maintaining the fibrous layers in the cell wall. This study provides insights into the design principle of the brown algal cell wall.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::5fd75a18bde716946d1f96f0ebd60045Test
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27072676Test

المؤلفون: Clemens M. Altaner, Verena Katharina Becker, Miho Kojima

المصدر: Planta. 235:289-297

مصطلحات موضوعية: Hebe salicifolia, Lamiaceae, Plant Stems, biology, Monosaccharides, Hebe, technology, industry, and agriculture, Lamiales, High density, Plant Science, Herbaceous plant, biology.organism_classification, Wood, complex mixtures, Tracheophyta, Species Specificity, Cell Wall, Xylem, Plant Cells, Botany, Genetics, Plantaginaceae, Secondary cell wall, Southern Hemisphere, Phylogeny

الوصف: Koromiko [Hebe salicifolia G. Forst. (Pennell)] is a woody angiosperm native to New Zealand and Chile. Hebe spp. belong to the otherwise herbaceous family Plantaginaceae in the order Lamiales. Reaction wood exerting expansional forces was found on the lower side of leaning H. salicifolia stems. Such reaction wood is atypical for angiosperms, which commonly form contracting reaction wood on the upper side of leaning stems. Reaction wood typical for angiosperms is formed by species in other families in the order Lamiales. This suggests that the form of reaction wood is specific to the family level. Functionally the reaction wood of H. salicifolia is similar to that found in gymnosperms, which both act by pushing. However, their chemical, anatomical and physical characteristics are different. Typical features of reaction wood present in gymnosperms such as high density, thick-walled rounded cells and the presence of (1 → 4)-β-galactan in the secondary cell wall layer are absent in H. salicifolia reaction wood. Reaction wood of H. salicifolia varies from normal wood in having a higher microfibril angle, which is likely to determine the direction of generated maturation stresses.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::c78e15f8159a1c30d380b2ed1ca2e166Test
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-011-1503-zTest

المؤلفون: Keiji Takabe, Tatsuya Awano, Arata Yoshinaga, Jong Sik Kim

المصدر: Planta. 233:721-735

مصطلحات موضوعية: Cryptomeria, Organogenesis, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Plant Science, Polysaccharide, Lignin, Antibodies, Mannans, Cell wall, chemistry.chemical_compound, Cell Wall, Botany, Genetics, Middle lamella, chemistry.chemical_classification, biology, biology.organism_classification, Wood, Xylan, chemistry, Tracheid, Biophysics, Xylans, Secondary cell wall

الوصف: Compression wood (CW) tracheids have different cell wall components than normal wood (NW) tracheids. However, temporal and spatial information on cell wall components in CW tracheids is poorly understood. We investigated the distribution of arabino-4-O-methylglucuronoxylans (AGXs) and O-acetyl-galactoglucomannans (GGMs) in differentiating CW tracheids. AGX labeling began to be detected in the corner of the S(1) layer at the early S(1) formation stage. Subsequently, the cell corner middle lamella (ccML) showed strong AGX labeling when intercellular spaces were not fully formed. AGX labeling was uniformly distributed in the S(1) layer, but showed uneven distribution in the S(2) layer. AGX labeling was mainly detected in the inner S(2) layer after the beginning of the helical cavity formation. The outer S(2) layer showed almost no labeling of low substituted AGXs. Only a very small amount of high substituted AGXs was distributed in the outer S(2) layer. These patterns of AGX labeling in the S(2) layer opposed the lignin and β-1-4-galactan distribution in CW tracheids. GGM labeling patterns were almost identical to AGX labeling in the early stages of CW tracheids, and GGM labeling was detected in the entire S(2) layer from the early S(2) formation stage of CW tracheids with some spatial differences in labeling density depending on developmental stage. Compared with NW tracheids, CW tracheids showed significantly different AGX distributions in the secondary cell wall but similar GGM labeling patterns. No significant differences were observed in labeling after delignification of CW tracheids.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::24cc5bde724efcf02cb678cd54e7f323Test
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-010-1333-4Test

المؤلفون: Yoshihiro Katayama, Kanna Sato, Ryu Suzuki, Sachiko Ito, Sachi Takenouchi, Nobuyuki Nishikubo, Shinya Kajita, Hidemi Kitano, Yoshimi Nakano, Ryo Funada, Yuzou Sano, Satoshi Nakaba

المصدر: Planta. 232:257-270

مصطلحات موضوعية: Mutant, Arabidopsis, Plant Science, Genes, Plant, Polysaccharide, Cell wall, chemistry.chemical_compound, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, Cell Wall, Genetics, Arabidopsis thaliana, Cloning, Molecular, Cellulose, DNA Primers, chemistry.chemical_classification, Base Sequence, biology, Arabidopsis Proteins, Oryza, biology.organism_classification, Metabolic pathway, chemistry, Biochemistry, Mutation, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Biophysics, Secondary cell wall

الوصف: The plant secondary cell wall is a highly ordered structure composed of various polysaccharides, phenolic components and proteins. Its coordinated regulation of a number of complex metabolic pathways and assembly has not been resolved. To understand the molecular mechanisms that regulate secondary cell wall synthesis, we isolated a novel rice mutant, cell wall architecture1 (cwa1), that exhibits an irregular thickening pattern in the secondary cell wall of sclerenchyma, as well as culm brittleness and reduced cellulose content in mature internodes. Light and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the cwa1 mutant plant has regions of local aggregation in the secondary cell walls of the cortical fibers in its internodes, showing uneven thickness. Ultraviolet microscopic observation indicated that localization of cell wall phenolic components was perturbed and that these components abundantly deposited at the aggregated cell wall regions in sclerenchyma. Therefore, regulation of deposition and assembly of secondary cell wall materials, i.e. phenolic components, appear to be disturbed by mutation of the cwa1 gene. Genetic analysis showed that cwa1 is allelic to brittle culm1 (bc1), which encodes the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored COBRA-like protein specifically in plants. BC1 is known as a regulator that controls the culm mechanical strength and cellulose content in the secondary cell walls of sclerenchyma, but the precise function of BC1 has not been resolved. Our results suggest that CWA1/BC1 has an essential role in assembling cell wall constituents at their appropriate sites, thereby enabling synthesis of solid and flexible internodes in rice.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::f8bcc4f47e790020ec64b3aee2455f74Test
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-010-1171-4Test

المؤلفون: Jong Sik Kim, Arata Yoshinaga, Tatsuya Awano, Keiji Takabe

المصدر: Planta. 232:109-119

مصطلحات موضوعية: Microscopy, Cryptomeria, Plant Science, Immunogold labelling, Biology, Galactan, biology.organism_classification, Galactans, Lignin, Wood, Cell wall, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Botany, Tracheid, Genetics, Ultrastructure, Biophysics, Secondary cell wall

الوصف: Compression wood (CW) contains higher quantities of beta-1-4-galactan than does normal wood (NW). However, the physiological roles and ultrastructural distribution of beta-1-4-galactan during CW formation are still not well understood. The present work investigated deposition of beta-1-4-galactan in differentiating tracheids of Cryptomeria japonica during CW formation using an immunological probe (LM5) combined with immunomicroscopy. Our immunolabeling studies clearly showed that differences in the distribution of beta-1-4-galactan between NW (and opposite wood, OW) and CW are initiated during the formation of the S(1) layer. At this stage, CW was strongly labeled in the S(1) layer, whereas no label was observed in the S(1) layer of NW and OW. Immunogold labeling showed that beta-1-4-galactan in the S(1) layer of CW tracheids significantly decreased during the formation of the S(2) layer. Most beta-1-4-galactan labeling was present in the outer S(2) region in mature CW tracheids, and was absent in the inner S(2) layer that contained helical cavities in the cell wall. In addition, delignified CW tracheids showed significantly more labeling of beta-1-4-galactan in the secondary cell wall, suggesting that lignin is likely to mask beta-1-4-galactan epitopes. The study clearly showed that beta-1-4-galactan in CW was mainly deposited in the outer portion of the secondary cell wall, indicating that its distribution may be spatially consistent with lignin distribution in CW tracheids of Cryptomeria japonica.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::5f9567d2356be06ada6e15b7958360fcTest
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-010-1152-7Test