The extent to which sampling of raw materials and foods, for detection of the presence of GMOs, presents a significant problem depends on the type of material to be sampled, the purpose of the analysis and the degree of risk that is acceptable in obtaining a wrong result. Sampling for indications of non-segregation or co-mingling of raw materials is the main area for which sample plans will for the future need to be developed. Fortunately, there is considerable experience in sampling of commodities in analogous areas such as for the presence of mycotoxins in cereals and nuts where well-tested sampling plans could be utilised.