المؤلفون: Dana Ogaz, Louise Logan, Tyrone J. Curtis, Lorraine McDonagh, Luis Guerra, Daniel Bradshaw, Poorvi Patel, Chiara Macri, Gary Murphy, O. Noel Gill, Anne M. Johnson, Anthony Nardone, Fiona Burns

المصدر: BMC Public Health, Vol 22, Iss 1, Pp 1-12 (2022)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Men who have sex with men, MSM, Gay, Bisexual, HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis, PrEP, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270

الوصف: Background Access to prevention options, including HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), remains a public health priority for gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM), especially in London. We describe PrEP use in a London community sample of MSM before the introduction of a national PrEP programme in October 2020. Methods From June–August 2019, MSM aged ≥ 18 recruited from London commercial venues were asked to self-complete a sexual health questionnaire and provide an oral fluid sample for anonymous HIV antibody testing. Descriptive analyses of demographic characteristics, service engagement and outcomes, as well as sexual risk and prevention behaviours were examined in the survey population and in those reporting current PrEP use. We performed sequential, multivariate analyses examining current PrEP use in MSM of self-perceived HIV-negative/unknown status with identified PrEP-need defined as the report of condomless anal sex (CAS) in the last three months, or the report of CAS (in the last year) with an HIV-positive/unknown status partner not known to be on HIV treatment, in reflection of UK PrEP guidelines. Results One thousand five hundred and thirty-fifth questionnaires were completed across 34 venues, where 1408 were analysed. One in five MSM of self-perceived HIV-negative/unknown status reported current PrEP use (19.7%, 242/1230). In men with PrEP-need, 68.2% (431/632) did not report current use. Current PrEP use was associated with age (aOR: 3.52, 95% CI: 1.76–7.02 in men aged 40–44 vs men aged 18–25) and education (aOR: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.01–2.92 in men with ≥ 2 years/still full-time vs no/ < 2 years of education since age 16). Conclusion Among MSM in London, PrEP use is high but there is indication of unmet PrEP-need in men of younger age and lower levels of post-16 education. National programme monitoring and evaluation will require continued community monitoring to guide interventions ensuring equitable PrEP access and uptake in those who could most benefit from PrEP.

العلاقة: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13425-0Test; https://doaj.org/toc/1471-2458Test; https://doaj.org/article/94e8dc2cbd3342afbaacbef9904414d2Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13425-0Test
https://doaj.org/article/94e8dc2cbd3342afbaacbef9904414d2Test

المؤلفون: Laura Lauria, Angela Spinelli, Marta Buoncristiano, Paola Nardone

المصدر: BMC Public Health, Vol 19, Iss 1, Pp 1-9 (2019)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Prevalence trends, Children, Overweight, Obesity, Socio-demographic characteristics, Italy, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270

الوصف: Abstract Background Given the effects of childhood obesity on future health, and the lack of information of its prevalence in Italy, a national surveillance system was implemented in 2007. It is OKkio alla SALUTE, part of the WHO/Europe Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI). This study reports the 2008–2016 trends by sex, area of residence and socio-demographic characteristics in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in primary school children (8–9 years). Methods In each round of the surveillance held in 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2016, a nationally representative sample of about 45,000 children, was weighed and measured with standard equipment and methods by trained personnel. Children were classified as normal weight, overweight or obese using World Obesity Federation (WOF) (formerly the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF)) and WHO cut-offs. Children’s sex, area of residence and mothers’ education and citizenship, were obtained using self-reported questionnaires and were assessed using multivariate logistic regression models. Results Between 2008 and 2016, the overall prevalence of obesity dropped from 12.0 to 9.3% (WOF-IOTF) and from 21.2 to 17.0% (WHO), while the overall prevalence of overweight (including obesity) from 35.2 to 30.6% (WOF-IOTF) and from 44.4 to 39.4% (WHO). Reduction in the prevalence of overweight and obesity was greater in boys (− 14.5%, p for trend

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12889-019-6946-3Test; https://doaj.org/toc/1471-2458Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/fb53099b37744fc1bddefa49dec4b68cTest

المؤلفون: Katy Town, Cliodna A. M. McNulty, Ellie J. Ricketts, Thomas Hartney, Anthony Nardone, Kate A. Folkard, Andre Charlett, J. Kevin Dunbar

المصدر: BMC Public Health, Vol 16, Iss 1, Pp 1-9 (2016)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Primary care, Chlamydia screening, HIV testing, Contraception, Condoms, Education, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270

الوصف: Abstract Background Providing sexual health services in primary care is an essential step towards universal provision. However they are not offered consistently. We conducted a national pilot of an educational intervention to improve staff’s skills and confidence to increase chlamydia testing rates and provide condoms with contraceptive information plus HIV testing according to national guidelines, known as 3Cs&HIV. The effectiveness of the pilot on chlamydia testing and diagnosis rates in general practice was evaluated. Methods The pilot was implemented using a step-wedge design over three phases during 2013 and 2014 in England. The intervention combined educational workshops with posters, testing performance feedback and continuous support. Chlamydia testing and diagnosis rates in participating general practices during the control and intervention periods were compared adjusting for seasonal trends in chlamydia testing and differences in practice size. Intervention effect modification was assessed for the following general practice characteristics: chlamydia testing rate compared to national median, number of general practice staff employed, payment for chlamydia screening, practice urban/rurality classification, and proximity to sexual health clinics. Results The 460 participating practices conducted 26,021 tests in the control period and 18,797 tests during the intervention period. Intention-to-treat analysis showed no change in the unadjusted median tests and diagnoses per month per practice after receiving training: 2.7 vs 2.7; 0.1 vs 0.1. Multivariable negative binomial regression analysis found no significant change in overall testing or diagnoses post-intervention (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.01, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.96–1.07, P = 0.72; 0.98 CI 0.84–1.15, P = 0.84, respectively). Stratified analysis showed testing increased significantly in practices where payments were in place prior to the intervention (IRR 2.12 CI 1.41–3.18, P

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12889-016-3343-zTest; https://doaj.org/toc/1471-2458Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/bb410fd8e8ce41adbe7a17bd2d0623e5Test

المؤلفون: Catherine H. Mercer, Philip Prah, Nigel Field, Clare Tanton, Wendy Macdowall, Soazig Clifton, Gwenda Hughes, Anthony Nardone, Kaye Wellings, Anne M. Johnson, Pam Sonnenberg

المصدر: BMC Public Health, Vol 16, Iss 1, Pp 1-16 (2016)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270

الوصف: Abstract Background To date, research on men who have sex with men (MSM) has largely focused on their sexual health needs and on men recruited from gay-orientated venues. National probability survey data provide a rare opportunity to examine the broader sociodemographic, behavioural, and health profiles of MSM, defined as men who reported ≥1 male sexual partner(s) in the past 5 years, and thus regardless of their sexual identity, in comparison to men reporting sex exclusively with women (MSEW) during this time, and also the extent that health inequalities cluster. Methods Britain’s third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3), a probability sample survey, interviewed 15,162 people aged 16–74 years (6,293 men) during 2010–2012 using computer-assisted personal-interviewing with a computer-assisted self-interview. We used multivariable regression to compare MSM relative to MSEW in their reporting of variables, individually and collectively, corresponding to three domains: physical, mental, and sexual health. Results Among all men, 2.6 % (n = 190) were defined as MSM, of whom 52.5 % (95 % CI: 43.6 %–61.2 %) identified as gay. MSM were as likely as MSEW (n = 5,069) to perceive their health was ‘bad’/’very bad’, despite MSM being more likely to report a long-standing illness/disability/infirmity (adjusted odds ratio, AOR: 1.46, 95 % CI:1.02–2.09), treatment for depression/past year (2.75, 1.69–4.47), and substance use (e.g., recreational drug use/past year: 3.46, 2.22–5.40). MSM were more likely to report harmful sexual health behaviours, e.g., condomless sex with ≥2 partners/past year (3.52, 2.13–5.83), and poor sexual health outcomes, including STI diagnosis/es (5.67, 2.67–12.04), poorer sexual function (2.28, 1.57–3.33), both past year, and ever-experience of attempted non-volitional sex (6.51, 4.22–10.06). MSM were also more likely than MSEW to report poor health behaviours and outcomes both within and across the three health domains considered. Of all MSM, 8.4 % had experienced poor health outcomes in all three domains – physical, mental, and sexual health - in contrast to 1.5 % of all MSEW. Conclusions MSM are disproportionately affected by a broad range of harmful health behaviours and poor health outcomes. Although often observed for a minority of MSM, many health inequalities were seen in combination such that policies and practices aimed at improving the health and well-being of MSM require a holistic approach, regardless of clinical specialty.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12889-016-3149-zTest; https://doaj.org/toc/1471-2458Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/6d890c7dcb2d412398a3bfaa071f1fb6Test

المؤلفون: Ogaz, Dana, Logan, Louise, Curtis, Tyrone J., McDonagh, Lorraine, Guerra, Luis, Bradshaw, Daniel, Patel, Poorvi, Macri, Chiara, Murphy, Gary, Noel Gill, O., Johnson, Anne M., Nardone, Anthony, Burns, Fiona

المصدر: BMC Public Health; 6/3/2022, Vol. 22 Issue 1, p1-12, 12p, 1 Diagram, 4 Charts

مصطلحات موضوعية: MEN who have sex with men, UNSAFE sex, ANAL sex, HIV antibodies, PRE-exposure prophylaxis, HIV infection epidemiology, HIV prevention, CROSS-sectional method, HUMAN sexuality, PREVENTIVE health services, HOMOSEXUALITY, RESEARCH funding

مصطلحات جغرافية: LONDON (England), ENGLAND

مستخلص: Background: Access to prevention options, including HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), remains a public health priority for gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM), especially in London. We describe PrEP use in a London community sample of MSM before the introduction of a national PrEP programme in October 2020.Methods: From June-August 2019, MSM aged ≥ 18 recruited from London commercial venues were asked to self-complete a sexual health questionnaire and provide an oral fluid sample for anonymous HIV antibody testing. Descriptive analyses of demographic characteristics, service engagement and outcomes, as well as sexual risk and prevention behaviours were examined in the survey population and in those reporting current PrEP use. We performed sequential, multivariate analyses examining current PrEP use in MSM of self-perceived HIV-negative/unknown status with identified PrEP-need defined as the report of condomless anal sex (CAS) in the last three months, or the report of CAS (in the last year) with an HIV-positive/unknown status partner not known to be on HIV treatment, in reflection of UK PrEP guidelines.Results: One thousand five hundred and thirty-fifth questionnaires were completed across 34 venues, where 1408 were analysed. One in five MSM of self-perceived HIV-negative/unknown status reported current PrEP use (19.7%, 242/1230). In men with PrEP-need, 68.2% (431/632) did not report current use. Current PrEP use was associated with age (aOR: 3.52, 95% CI: 1.76-7.02 in men aged 40-44 vs men aged 18-25) and education (aOR: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.01-2.92 in men with ≥ 2 years/still full-time vs no/ < 2 years of education since age 16).Conclusion: Among MSM in London, PrEP use is high but there is indication of unmet PrEP-need in men of younger age and lower levels of post-16 education. National programme monitoring and evaluation will require continued community monitoring to guide interventions ensuring equitable PrEP access and uptake in those who could most benefit from PrEP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of BMC Public Health is the property of BioMed Central and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Angela Spinelli, Marta Buoncristiano, Laura Lauria, Paola Nardone

المصدر: BMC Public Health
BMC Public Health, Vol 19, Iss 1, Pp 1-9 (2019)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Male, Pediatric Obesity, medicine.medical_specialty, Psychological intervention, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Overweight, Social class, Childhood obesity, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Surveys and Questionnaires, Epidemiology, Socio-demographic characteristics, Prevalence, medicine, Humans, Obesity, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, Children, Schools, business.industry, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Public health, Prevalence trends, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, lcsh:RA1-1270, medicine.disease, Italy, Population Surveillance, Female, Biostatistics, medicine.symptom, business, Research Article, Demography

الوصف: Background Given the effects of childhood obesity on future health, and the lack of information of its prevalence in Italy, a national surveillance system was implemented in 2007. It is OKkio alla SALUTE, part of the WHO/Europe Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI). This study reports the 2008–2016 trends by sex, area of residence and socio-demographic characteristics in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in primary school children (8–9 years). Methods In each round of the surveillance held in 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2016, a nationally representative sample of about 45,000 children, was weighed and measured with standard equipment and methods by trained personnel. Children were classified as normal weight, overweight or obese using World Obesity Federation (WOF) (formerly the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF)) and WHO cut-offs. Children’s sex, area of residence and mothers’ education and citizenship, were obtained using self-reported questionnaires and were assessed using multivariate logistic regression models. Results Between 2008 and 2016, the overall prevalence of obesity dropped from 12.0 to 9.3% (WOF-IOTF) and from 21.2 to 17.0% (WHO), while the overall prevalence of overweight (including obesity) from 35.2 to 30.6% (WOF-IOTF) and from 44.4 to 39.4% (WHO). Reduction in the prevalence of overweight and obesity was greater in boys (− 14.5%, p for trend

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::0bb6368011171f18386c83cd4f65d703Test
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6946-3Test

المؤلفون: Woodhall Sarah C, Sile Bersabeh, Talebi Alireza, Nardone Anthony, Baraitser Paula

المصدر: BMC Public Health, Vol 12, Iss 1, p 1095 (2012)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Chlamydia trachomatis, Screening, Internet, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270

الوصف: Abstract Background In recent years there has been interest in websites as a means of increasing access to free chlamydia tests through the National Chlamydia Screening Programme (NCSP) in England. We aimed to describe and evaluate online access to chlamydia testing within the NCSP. Methods We analysed NCSP chlamydia testing data (2006–2010) for 15–24 year olds from the 71/95 programme areas in England where site codes were available to identify tests ordered through the internet. The characteristics of people using online testing services in 2010 were compared with those testing in general practice (GP) or community sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services. We evaluated 58 websites offering free chlamydia tests through the NCSP, and 32 offering kits on a commercial basis for signposting to clinical service and health promotion advice offered. Results Between 2006 and 2010, 5% of all tests in the included programme areas were accessed through the internet. The number of internet tests increased from 18 (1 sexual partner in the past year. Provision of sexual health information and appropriate signposting for those in need of clinical services varied between websites. Service provision within the NCSP was fragmented with multiple providers serving specific geographical catchment areas. Conclusion Internet testing reaches a population with a relatively high risk of chlamydia infection and appears acceptable to young men, a group that has been difficult to engage with chlamydia testing. In order to maximise the potential benefit of these services, websites should be consistent with national guidelines and adhere to minimum standards for signposting to clinical care and health promotion information. The current system with multiple providers servicing geographically specific catchment areas is contrary to the geographically unrestricted nature of the internet and potentially confusing for clients.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/12/1095Test; https://doaj.org/toc/1471-2458Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/681cba582aaa461f8b5de5c476f1154dTest

المؤلفون: Zenner Dominik, Molinar Darko, Nichols Tom, Riha Johanna, Macintosh Mary, Nardone Anthony

المصدر: BMC Public Health, Vol 12, Iss 1, p 261 (2012)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Chlamydia, Screening, Incentives, Observational study, Sexual health, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270

الوصف: Abstract Background Patient financial incentives ("incentives") have been widely used to promote chlamydia screening uptake amongst 15-24 year olds in England, but there is scarce evidence of their effectiveness. The objectives of the study were to describe incentives used to promote chlamydia screening in Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) in England and to evaluate their impact on coverage and positivity rate. Methods PCTs that had used incentives between 1/1/2007 and 30/6/2009 (exposed) were matched by socio-demographic profile and initial screening coverage with PCTs that had not (unexposed). For each PCT, percentage point change in chlamydia screening coverage and positivity for the period before and during the incentive was calculated. Differences in average change of coverage and positivity rate between exposed and unexposed PCTs were compared using linear regression to adjust for matching and potential confounders. Results Incentives had a significant effect in increasing average coverage in exposed PCTs (0.43%, CI 0.04%-0.82%). The effect for voucher schemes (2.35%) was larger than for prize draws (0.16%). The difference was greater in females (0.73%) than males (0.14%). The effect on positivity rates was not significant (0.07%, CI -1.53% to 1.67%). Conclusions Vouchers, but not prize draws, led to a small absolute but large relative increase in chlamydia screening coverage. Incentives increased coverage more in females than males but had no impact on reported positivity rates. These findings support recommendations not to use prize draws to promote chlamydia screening and contribute to the evidence base of the operational effectiveness of using patient incentives in encouraging public health action.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/12/261Test; https://doaj.org/toc/1471-2458Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/c70f05d6db074f93afdc8aa05601f752Test

المؤلفون: Thomas Hartney, Kate Folkard, Anthony Nardone, Andre Charlett, Ellie J Ricketts, Katy Town, J Kevin Dunbar, Cliodna A. M. McNulty

المصدر: BMC Public Health, Vol 16, Iss 1, Pp 1-9 (2016)
BMC Public Health

مصطلحات موضوعية: Adult, Rural Population, Program evaluation, medicine.medical_specialty, Inservice Training, Adolescent, Chlamydia screening, General Practice, Psychological intervention, Rate ratio, Education, Condoms, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Humans, Mass Screening, 030212 general & internal medicine, Chlamydia, Reproductive health, 030505 public health, Primary Health Care, business.industry, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Pilot, lcsh:RA1-1270, Chlamydia Infections, Health Services, Primary care, Confidence interval, Service evaluation, HIV testing, Reproductive Health, Contraception, England, Implementation, Family medicine, Step-wedge, Biostatistics, Family Practice, 0305 other medical science, business, Delivery of Health Care, Developed country, Research Article, Program Evaluation

الوصف: Background Providing sexual health services in primary care is an essential step towards universal provision. However they are not offered consistently. We conducted a national pilot of an educational intervention to improve staff’s skills and confidence to increase chlamydia testing rates and provide condoms with contraceptive information plus HIV testing according to national guidelines, known as 3Cs&HIV. The effectiveness of the pilot on chlamydia testing and diagnosis rates in general practice was evaluated. Methods The pilot was implemented using a step-wedge design over three phases during 2013 and 2014 in England. The intervention combined educational workshops with posters, testing performance feedback and continuous support. Chlamydia testing and diagnosis rates in participating general practices during the control and intervention periods were compared adjusting for seasonal trends in chlamydia testing and differences in practice size. Intervention effect modification was assessed for the following general practice characteristics: chlamydia testing rate compared to national median, number of general practice staff employed, payment for chlamydia screening, practice urban/rurality classification, and proximity to sexual health clinics. Results The 460 participating practices conducted 26,021 tests in the control period and 18,797 tests during the intervention period. Intention-to-treat analysis showed no change in the unadjusted median tests and diagnoses per month per practice after receiving training: 2.7 vs 2.7; 0.1 vs 0.1. Multivariable negative binomial regression analysis found no significant change in overall testing or diagnoses post-intervention (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.01, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.96–1.07, P = 0.72; 0.98 CI 0.84–1.15, P = 0.84, respectively). Stratified analysis showed testing increased significantly in practices where payments were in place prior to the intervention (IRR 2.12 CI 1.41–3.18, P

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::2e63c6c0ca24c1aaaa7e2e3bb34d688dTest
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3343-zTest

المؤلفون: Lauria, Laura, Spinelli, Angela, Buoncristiano, Marta, Nardone, Paola

المصدر: BMC Public Health; 5/21/2019, Vol. 19 Issue 1, p1-9, 9p, 3 Charts, 1 Graph

مصطلحات موضوعية: CHILDHOOD obesity, SOCIAL classes, SOCIAL belonging, TASK forces, LOGISTIC regression analysis

مصطلحات جغرافية: ITALY, EUROPE

مستخلص: Background: Given the effects of childhood obesity on future health, and the lack of information of its prevalence in Italy, a national surveillance system was implemented in 2007. It is OKkio alla SALUTE, part of the WHO/Europe Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI). This study reports the 2008-2016 trends by sex, area of residence and socio-demographic characteristics in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in primary school children (8-9 years).Methods: In each round of the surveillance held in 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2016, a nationally representative sample of about 45,000 children, was weighed and measured with standard equipment and methods by trained personnel. Children were classified as normal weight, overweight or obese using World Obesity Federation (WOF) (formerly the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF)) and WHO cut-offs. Children's sex, area of residence and mothers' education and citizenship, were obtained using self-reported questionnaires and were assessed using multivariate logistic regression models.Results: Between 2008 and 2016, the overall prevalence of obesity dropped from 12.0 to 9.3% (WOF-IOTF) and from 21.2 to 17.0% (WHO), while the overall prevalence of overweight (including obesity) from 35.2 to 30.6% (WOF-IOTF) and from 44.4 to 39.4% (WHO). Reduction in the prevalence of overweight and obesity was greater in boys (- 14.5%, p for trend< 0.001; and - 24.7%, p = 0.001) compared to girls (- 11.1%, p < 0.001; and - 19.2%, p = 0.034). Decreasing trends were observed in overweight prevalences within children resident in the center and in the south. Decreasing trends in obesity prevalences were observed among boys resident in the north and in the south, and among girls resident in the center. Decreasing trends were observed in overweight prevalences within socio-demographic characteristics, except among children with low educated and foreign mothers; and in obesity prevalences for children with medium educated mothers, and girls with Italian mothers.Conclusions: From 2008 to 2016 a decrease of childhood overweight and obesity was observed in Italy. However, as these prevalences are still among the highest in Europe, there is need to continue their monitoring and implement more interventions to promote healthy lifestyles. More effort should be focused on children belonging to low social classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of BMC Public Health is the property of BioMed Central and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)