المؤلفون: Harvanko, Arit M, St Helen, Gideon, Nardone, Natalie, Addo, Newton, Benowitz, Neal L

المصدر: Addiction. 115(6)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Clinical and Health Psychology, Public Health, Health Sciences, Psychology, Brain Disorders, Tobacco Smoke and Health, Tobacco, Drug Abuse (NIDA only), Substance Misuse, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Cigarette Smoking, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nicotine, San Francisco, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Tobacco Products, United States, Vaping, Young Adult, Area under the curve, behavior, blood, e-cigarettes, ENDS, nicotine, plasma, smoking, vaping, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Substance Abuse, Public health, Clinical and health psychology

الوصف: Background and aimsRelative pharmacological effects of e-cigarettes and cigarettes during 24 hours of ad-libitum use have not been described. In this study, 24-hour blood plasma nicotine concentrations and 48-hour subjective effects with use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes were measured among dual users.DesignTwo-arm within-subject cross-over design with preferred e-cigarette or cigarette ad-libitum use over 48 hours.SettingHospital research ward in San Francisco, California, USA.ParticipantsThirty-six healthy dual users of e-cigarettes and cigarettes (n = 8, 25% females).MeasurementsTwenty-four-hour blood plasma nicotine and cotinine concentrations and 48-hour self-reported nicotine withdrawal symptoms and rewarding effects.FindingsAnalyses used analysis of variance (ANOVA)-based mixed models with order of product (e-cigarette or cigarette) and product type (combustible cigarette or type of e-cigarette) as fixed effects, and subject as a repeated effect. During a 24-hour period, e-cigarettes produced lower nicotine exposure than cigarettes for the majority of users, although 25% received more nicotine from e-cigarettes, which was predicted by more frequent e-cigarette use or greater dependence. Compared to cigarette smoking, nicotine exposure for variable-power tank users was similar, while cig-a-like (t(30)  = 2.71, P = 0.011, d = 0.745) and fixed-power tank users (t(30)  = 3.37, P = 0.002, d = 0.993) were exposed to less nicotine. Cigarettes were rated higher than e-cigarettes on some desirable subjective effects (e.g. psychological reward, t(322)  = 7.24 P

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الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3ms177v3Test

المؤلفون: St.Helen, Gideon, Nardone, Natalie, Addo, Newton, Dempsey, Delia, Havel, Christopher, Jacob, Peyton, Benowitz, Neal L

المصدر: Addiction. 115(4)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Biological Psychology, Psychology, Tobacco, Tobacco Smoke and Health, Substance Misuse, Clinical Research, Drug Abuse (NIDA only), Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Affect, Craving, Cross-Over Studies, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Female, Humans, Male, Nicotine, San Francisco, Smoking, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Tobacco Products, Dual users, e-cigarettes, e-cigarette dependence, JUUL PK profile, subjective effects, nicotine pharmacokinetics, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Substance Abuse, Public health, Clinical and health psychology

الوصف: AimTo describe systemic nicotine exposure and subjective effects of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in people who use both e-cigarettes and cigarettes (dual users), including within-subject comparisons of e-cigarette and cigarette use.DesignTwo-arm, counterbalanced cross-over study. Participants used their usual brand of e-cigarette or cigarette during a standardized session in a 2-week study.SettingHospital research ward, San Francisco, CA, USA.ParticipantsThirty-six healthy (eight women, 28 men) participants.MeasurementsPlasma nicotine was analyzed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; nicotine withdrawal, urge to smoke and vape, affective states, craving, satisfaction and psychological reward were measured by standardized questionnaires.FindingsCompared with cigarettes, average maximum plasma nicotine concentration (Cmax ) was lower with e-cigarettes [6.1 ± 5.5 ng/ml, mean ± standard deviation (SD) versus 20.2 ± 11.1 ng/ml, P

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الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3f2870qqTest

المؤلفون: Nardone, Natalie, Donny, Eric C, Hatsukami, Dorothy K, Koopmeiners, Joseph S, Murphy, Sharon E, Strasser, Andrew A, Tidey, Jennifer W, Vandrey, Ryan, Benowitz, Neal L

المصدر: Addiction. 111(12)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Biological Psychology, Psychology, Prevention, Tobacco, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Clinical Research, Substance Misuse, Brain Disorders, Tobacco Smoke and Health, Cancer, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Biomarkers, Double-Blind Method, Female, Ganglionic Stimulants, Healthy Volunteers, Humans, Male, Nicotine, Patient Compliance, Saliva, Smoking Reduction, Tobacco Products, Urinalysis, cigarette smoking, cotinine, nicotine reduction, reduced nicotine content cigarettes, total nicotine equivalents, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Substance Abuse, Public health, Clinical and health psychology

الوصف: Background and aimsClinical trials on the impact and safety of reduced nicotine content cigarettes (RNCs) are ongoing, and an important methodological concern is participant compliance with smoking only RNCs. Our aims were to measure non-compliance biochemically with urine cotinine (COT) and total nicotine equivalents (TNEs), compare with self-reported non-compliance and identify associated covariates.DesignSecondary analysis of a double-blind, parallel, randomized clinical trial.SettingResearch centers from the United States, enrolling participants from June 2013 to July 2014.ParticipantsVolunteer sample of 242 participants (55% Caucasian), average age of 41.2 years, smoking at least five cigarettes per day (CPD).InterventionSmoking very low nicotine cigarettes (VLNCs; 0.4 mg nicotine/g tobacco) for 6 weeks.MeasurementsThe primary outcome was biochemically verified non-compliance, measured as thresholds of COT/CPD and TNE/CPD ratios, considering changes in nicotine content from conventional levels to VLNCs, and as an absolute threshold of week 6 TNEs. Self-reported non-compliance was measured via daily phone calls. Key predictors included age, sex, race, menthol preference, nicotine metabolite ratio, time to first cigarette, dependence, CPD, TNEs, tar level and cigarette evaluation.FindingsEstimates of non-compliance with smoking the VLNCs exclusively include: the biochemical ratios (both 78%), the week 6 TNE threshold (76%) and self-report (39%). Of the key covariates, age, dependence and cigarette evaluations of satisfaction were significant; for age, younger participants more likely to be non-compliant [P = 0.01; odds ratio (OR) = 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.96-0.99]. Dependence was associated significantly with self-reported non-compliance (P = 0.01; OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.06-1.55). Cigarette evaluations of satisfaction were associated significantly with non-compliance (P = 0.001; OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.61-0.82).ConclusionsAmong smokers volunteering to smoke only very low nicotine cigarettes for 6 weeks, non-compliance was common and biochemical assessments detected more cases of non-compliance than self-report. Despite high levels of non-compliance, smokers reduced their intake of nicotine by an average of 60%.

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2r1992ggTest

المؤلفون: Benowitz, Neal L, Nardone, Natalie, Dains, Katherine M, Hall, Sharon M, Stewart, Susan, Dempsey, Delia, Jacob, Peyton

المصدر: Addiction. 110(10)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Clinical and Health Psychology, Psychology, Clinical Research, Prevention, Tobacco Smoke and Health, Drug Abuse (NIDA only), Tobacco, Brain Disorders, Cancer, Substance Misuse, 3.1 Primary prevention interventions to modify behaviours or promote wellbeing, Prevention of disease and conditions, and promotion of well-being, Cardiovascular, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Breath Tests, Carbon Monoxide, Cotinine, Female, Humans, Male, Nicotine, Nicotinic Agonists, Smoke, Smoking, Smoking Cessation, Nicotiana, Tobacco Products, Tobacco Use Disorder, Addiction, biomarkers, cigarette smoking, cotinine, drug dependence, nicotine, reduction, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Substance Abuse, Public health, Clinical and health psychology

الوصف: Background and aimsA broadly mandated reduction of the nicotine content (RNC) of cigarettes has been proposed in the United States to reduce the addictiveness of cigarettes, to prevent new smokers from becoming addicted and to facilitate quitting in established smokers. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether following 7 months of smoking very low nicotine content cigarettes (VLNC), and then returning to their own cigarettes, smokers would demonstrate persistently reduced nicotine intake compared with baseline or quit smoking.MethodsIn a community-based clinic 135 smokers not interested in quitting were randomized to one of two groups. A research group smoked their usual brand of cigarettes, followed by five types of research cigarettes with progressively lower nicotine content, each for 1 month, followed by 6 months at the lowest nicotine level (0.5 mg/cigarette) (53 subjects) and then 12 months with no intervention (30 subjects completed). A control group smoked their usual brand for the same period of time (50 subjects at 6 months, 38 completed). Smoking behavior, biomarkers of nicotine intake and smoke toxicant exposure were measured.ResultsAfter 7 months smoking VLNC, nicotine intake remained below baseline (plasma cotinine 149 versus 250 ng/ml, P

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الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6p763378Test

المؤلفون: Helen, Gideon, Nardone, Natalie, Addo, Newton, Dempsey, Delia, Havel, Christopher, Jacob, Peyton, Benowitz, Neal

المصدر: Addiction

مصطلحات موضوعية: Article, envir, socio

الوصف: AIM: To describe systemic nicotine exposure and subjective effects of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in people who use both e-cigarettes and cigarettes (dual users), including within-subject comparisons of e-cigarette and cigarette use. DESIGN: Two-arm, counterbalanced crossover study. Participants used their usual brand of e-cigarette or cigarette during a standardized session in a 2-week study. SETTING: Research ward, San Francisco, California, USA. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-six healthy (8 women, 28 men) participants. MEASUREMENTS: Plasma nicotine was analyzed by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry; nicotine withdrawal, urge to smoke and vape, affective states, craving, satisfaction, and psychological reward were measured by standardized questionnaires. FINDINGS: Compared with cigarettes, average maximum plasma nicotine concentration (C(max)) was lower with e-cigarettes [6.1±5.5 ng/ml (mean, SD) vs 20.2±11.1 ng/mL, p<0.001] and time of maximal concentration (T(max)) was longer [6.5±5.4 min vs 2.7±2.4 min, (p<0.001)]. Use of both products resulted in a reduction in the severity of withdrawal symptoms, negative affect, and urge to use either product. E-cigarettes were less rewarding and satisfying and reduced craving to a lesser degree than cigarettes. We were not able to detect any differences in withdrawal symptoms, affective states, and urge to smoke cigarettes between e-cigarette and cigarette use. CONCLUSION: Systemic nicotine exposure was on average lower with single use of e-cigarettes compared with cigarettes and e-cigarettes was judged to be less satisfying and rewarding and reduced craving less than cigarettes.

العلاقة: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7339816Test/

الإتاحة: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7339816Test/

المؤلفون: Katherine M. Dains, Natalie Nardone, Sharon M. Hall, Peyton Jacob, Neal L. Benowitz, Delia A. Dempsey, Susan L. Stewart

المصدر: Addiction. 110:1667-1675

مصطلحات موضوعية: Smoke, business.industry, Addiction, media_common.quotation_subject, Medicine (miscellaneous), Tobacco smoke, Nicotine, Psychiatry and Mental health, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Cigarette smoking, Environmental health, Medicine, Pack-year, Cotinine, business, Demography, media_common, Toxicant, medicine.drug

الوصف: Author(s): Benowitz, Neal L; Nardone, Natalie; Dains, Katherine M; Hall, Sharon M; Stewart, Susan; Dempsey, Delia; Jacob, Peyton | Abstract: Background and aimsA broadly mandated reduction of the nicotine content (RNC) of cigarettes has been proposed in the United States to reduce the addictiveness of cigarettes, to prevent new smokers from becoming addicted and to facilitate quitting in established smokers. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether following 7 months of smoking very low nicotine content cigarettes (VLNC), and then returning to their own cigarettes, smokers would demonstrate persistently reduced nicotine intake compared with baseline or quit smoking.MethodsIn a community-based clinic 135 smokers not interested in quitting were randomized to one of two groups. A research group smoked their usual brand of cigarettes, followed by five types of research cigarettes with progressively lower nicotine content, each for 1 month, followed by 6 months at the lowest nicotine level (0.5 mg/cigarette) (53 subjects) and then 12 months with no intervention (30 subjects completed). A control group smoked their usual brand for the same period of time (50 subjects at 6 months, 38 completed). Smoking behavior, biomarkers of nicotine intake and smoke toxicant exposure were measured.ResultsAfter 7 months smoking VLNC, nicotine intake remained below baseline (plasma cotinine 149 versus 250 ng/ml, Pl0.005) with no significant change in cigarettes per day or expired carbon monoxide (CO). During the 12-month follow-up, cotinine levels in RNC smokers rose to baseline levels and to those of control smokers. Quit rates among RNC smokers were very low [7.5 versus 2% in controls, not significant).ConclusionsIn smokers not interested in quitting, reducing the nicotine content in cigarettes over 12 months does not appear to result in extinction of nicotine dependence, assessed by persistently reduced nicotine intake or quitting smoking over the subsequent 12 months.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_________::1d533b80b45231dc0631da5afed0a2fdTest
https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12978Test