المؤلفون: Nardone, Anthony

المصدر: Environmental health perspectives; vol 129, iss 1, 17006; 0091-6765

مستخلص: IntroductionRedlining, a racist mortgage appraisal practice of the 1930s, established and exacerbated racial residential segregation boundaries in the United States. Investment risk grades assigned >80y ago through security maps from the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) are associated with current sociodemographics and adverse health outcomes. We assessed whether historical HOLC investment grades are associated with 2010 greenspace, a health-promoting neighborhood resource.ObjectivesWe compared 2010 normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) across previous HOLC neighborhood grades using propensity score restriction and matching.MethodsSecurity map shapefiles were downloaded from the Mapping Inequality Project. Neighborhood investment risk grades included A (best, green), B (blue), C (yellow), and D (hazardous, red, i.e., redlined). We used 2010 satellite imagery to calculate the average NDVI for each HOLC neighborhood. Our main outcomes were 2010 annual average NDVI and summer NDVI. We assigned areal-apportioned 1940 census measures to each HOLC neighborhood. We used propensity score restriction, matching, and targeted maximum likelihood estimation to limit model extrapolation, reduce confounding, and estimate the association between HOLC grade and NDVI for the following comparisons: Grades B vs. A, C vs. B, and D vs. C.ResultsAcross 102 urban areas (4,141 HOLC polygons), annual average ±standard deviation (SD) 2010 NDVI was 0.47 (±0.09), 0.43 (±0.09), 0.39 (±0.09), and 0.36 (±0.10) in Grades A-D, respectively. In analyses adjusted for current ecoregion and census region, 1940s census measures, and 1940s population density, annual average NDVI values in 2010 were estimated at -0.039 (95% CI: -0.045, -0.034), -0.024 (95% CI: -0.030, -0.018), and -0.026 (95% CI: -0.037, -0.015) for Grades B vs. A, C vs. B, and D vs. C, respectively, in the 1930s.DiscussionEstimates adjusted for historical characteristics indicate that neighborhoods assigned worse HOLC grade

مصطلحات الفهرس: Humans, Models, Statistical, Censuses, Population Density, Residence Characteristics, Continental Population Groups, United States, Parks, Recreational, Social Segregation, Racial Groups, Environmental Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Toxicology, article

URL: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1451z0gwTest
https://escholarship.orgTest/

المؤلفون: Nardone, Anthony

المصدر: Environmental health perspectives; vol 129, iss 1, 17006; 0091-6765

مستخلص: IntroductionRedlining, a racist mortgage appraisal practice of the 1930s, established and exacerbated racial residential segregation boundaries in the United States. Investment risk grades assigned >80y ago through security maps from the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) are associated with current sociodemographics and adverse health outcomes. We assessed whether historical HOLC investment grades are associated with 2010 greenspace, a health-promoting neighborhood resource.ObjectivesWe compared 2010 normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) across previous HOLC neighborhood grades using propensity score restriction and matching.MethodsSecurity map shapefiles were downloaded from the Mapping Inequality Project. Neighborhood investment risk grades included A (best, green), B (blue), C (yellow), and D (hazardous, red, i.e., redlined). We used 2010 satellite imagery to calculate the average NDVI for each HOLC neighborhood. Our main outcomes were 2010 annual average NDVI and summer NDVI. We assigned areal-apportioned 1940 census measures to each HOLC neighborhood. We used propensity score restriction, matching, and targeted maximum likelihood estimation to limit model extrapolation, reduce confounding, and estimate the association between HOLC grade and NDVI for the following comparisons: Grades B vs. A, C vs. B, and D vs. C.ResultsAcross 102 urban areas (4,141 HOLC polygons), annual average ±standard deviation (SD) 2010 NDVI was 0.47 (±0.09), 0.43 (±0.09), 0.39 (±0.09), and 0.36 (±0.10) in Grades A-D, respectively. In analyses adjusted for current ecoregion and census region, 1940s census measures, and 1940s population density, annual average NDVI values in 2010 were estimated at -0.039 (95% CI: -0.045, -0.034), -0.024 (95% CI: -0.030, -0.018), and -0.026 (95% CI: -0.037, -0.015) for Grades B vs. A, C vs. B, and D vs. C, respectively, in the 1930s.DiscussionEstimates adjusted for historical characteristics indicate that neighborhoods assigned worse HOLC grade

مصطلحات الفهرس: Toxicology, Environmental Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, article

URL: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1451z0gwTest
https://escholarship.orgTest/

المؤلفون: Nardone, Natalie

المصدر: Academic pediatrics; vol 20, iss 4, 493-500; 1876-2859

مستخلص: ObjectiveIn an urban adolescent population, we evaluated sources of exposure to secondhand smoke exposure (SHS), examined differences in exposure by race/ethnicity, age and sex, and determined the relationship between exposure source(s) and the biomarkers cotinine and NNAL.MethodsParticipants were recruited from a public hospital-based outpatient clinic in San Francisco, CA, USA.ResultsOf a sample of N = 298 adolescents screened, 235 were biologically confirmed to be exposed to tobacco smoke. Of those, N = 16 were active smokers and N = 219 were exposed to SHS; 91 (39%) were heavily SHS exposed (median cotinine = 0.76 ng/mL) and 128 (54%) had light SHS exposure (median cotinine = 0.11 ng/mL). Within those SHS exposed, the most common source of exposure was in a public area. No significant racial/ethnic differences were found, although African American adolescents were more likely to live in a home that allowed smoking. Older adolescents were more likely to be exposed across several difference sources, and females more likely to be exposed in a car and in public areas. Past 7-day exposure in the home, in a car, and current blunt use were significantly related to biomarkers of exposure.ConclusionsUrban adolescents are exposed to SHS across a variety of sources. Although exposure in a public area is most common, exposure in the home and in cars significantly influences tobacco biomarker levels. Interventions to reduce exposure would have the greatest impact in this population if they focused on reducing exposure in the home and in cars. History of blunt use is a strong determinant of tobacco exposure.

مصطلحات الفهرس: Humans, Cotinine, Smoking, Tobacco Smoke Pollution, Environmental Exposure, Adolescent, Urban Population, Female, Biomarkers, adolescents, cotinine, secondhand smoke, sensitive populations, Tobacco, Health Effects of Indoor Air Pollution, Substance Misuse, Cancer, Lung, Lung Cancer, Prevention, Tobacco Smoke and Health, Clinical Research, Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Stroke, Good Health and Well Being, Paediatrics and Reproductive Medicine, Pediatrics, article

URL: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3gn7z6b8Test
https://escholarship.orgTest/

المؤلفون: Nardone, Natalie

المصدر: JMIR formative research; vol 4, iss 8, e18583; 2561-326X

مستخلص: BACKGROUND:Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in children and adolescents has adverse health effects. For adolescents of lower socioeconomic status (SES), exposure is widespread, evidenced in the measurement of urinary cotinine, a major metabolite of nicotine. Direct intervention with exposed children has been proposed as a novel method, yet there is minimal evidence of its efficacy. Combining this approach with a mobile health (mHealth) intervention may be more time and cost-effective and feasible for adolescent populations. OBJECTIVE:In this pilot study, we assessed the feasibility and preliminary evidence of efficacy of a 30-day text message-based mHealth intervention targeted at reducing SHS exposure in adolescent populations of low SES. METHODS:For the study, 14 nonsmoking and nonvaping participants between the ages of 12-21 years exposed to SHS were enrolled. The intervention consisted of a daily text message sent to the participants over the course of a month. Text message types included facts and information about SHS, behavioral methods for SHS avoidance, or true-or-false questions. Participants were asked to respond to each message within 24 hours as confirmation of receipt. Feasibility outcomes included completion of the 30-day intervention, receiving and responding to text messages, and feedback on the messages. Efficacy outcomes included a reduction in urinary cotinine, accuracy of true-or-false responses, and participants' perceptions of effectiveness. RESULTS:Of the 14 participants that were enrolled, 13 completed the intervention. Though not required, all participants had their own cell phones with unlimited text messaging plans. Of the total number of text messages sent to the 13 completers, 91% (372/407) of them received on-time responses. Participant feedback was generally positive, with most requesting more informational and true-or-false questions. In terms of efficacy, 54% (6/11) of participants reduced their cotinine levels (however, change for t

مصطلحات الفهرس: adolescents, cotinine, intervention, mHealth, secondhand smoke, Clinical Research, Cancer, Tobacco Smoke and Health, Pediatric, Pediatric Research Initiative, Tobacco, Good Health and Well Being, article

URL: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1vg160r1Test
https://escholarship.orgTest/

المؤلفون: Nardone, Anthony

المصدر: The Lancet. Planetary health; vol 4, iss 1, e24-e31; 2542-5196

مستخلص: BackgroundAsthma disproportionately affects communities of colour in the USA, but the underlying factors for this remain poorly understood. In this study, we assess the role of historical redlining as outlined in security maps created by the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC), the discriminatory practice of categorising neighbourhoods on the basis of perceived mortgage investment risk, on the burden of asthma in these neighbourhoods.MethodsWe did an ecological study of HOLC risk grades and asthma exacerbations in California using the security maps available for the following eight cities: Fresno, Los Angeles, Oakland, Sacramento, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Stockton. Each census tract was categorised into one of four risk levels (A, B, C, or D) on the basis of the location of population-weighted centroids on security maps, with the worst risk level (D) indicating historical redlining. We obtained census tract-level rates of emergency department visits due to asthma from CalEnviroScreen 3.0. We assessed the relationship between risk grade and log-transformed asthma visit rates between 2011 and 2013 using ordinary least squares regression. We included potential confounding variables from the 2010 Census and CalEnviroScreen 3.0: diesel exhaust particle emissions, PM2·5, and percent of the population living below 2 times the federal poverty level. We also built random intercept and slope models to assess city-level variation in the relationship between redlining and asthma.FindingsIn the 1431 census tracts assessed (64 [4·5%] grade A, 241 [16·8%] grade B, 719 [50·2%] grade C, and 407 [28·4%] grade D), the proportion of the population that was non-Hispanic black and Hispanic, the percentage of the population living in poverty, and diesel exhaust particle emissions all significantly increased as security map risk grade worsened (p<0·0001). The median age-adjusted rates of emergency department visits due to asthma were 2·4 times higher in census tracts tha

مصطلحات الفهرس: Humans, Asthma, Cities, Housing, Residence Characteristics, Poverty, Emergency Service, Hospital, California, Racism, Clinical Research, Lung, Respiratory, No Poverty, article

URL: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3bf2f3nqTest
https://escholarship.orgTest/

المؤلفون: Nardone, Anthony L

المصدر: PloS one; vol 15, iss 8, e0237241; 1932-6203

مستخلص: BackgroundDespite being one of the wealthiest nations, disparities in adverse birth outcomes persist across racial and ethnic lines in the United States. We studied the association between historical redlining and preterm birth, low birth weight (LBW), small-for-gestational age (SGA), and perinatal mortality over a ten-year period (2006-2015) in Los Angeles, Oakland, and San Francisco, California.MethodsWe used birth outcomes data from the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2015. Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) Security Maps developed in the 1930s assigned neighborhoods one of four grades that pertained to perceived investment risk of borrowers from that neighborhood: green (grade A) were considered "Best", blue (grade B) "Still Desirable", yellow (grade C) "Definitely Declining", and red (grade D, hence the term "redlining") "Hazardous". Geocoded residential addresses at the time of birth were superimposed on HOLC Security Maps to assign each birth a HOLC grade. We adjusted for potential confounders present at the time of Security Map creation by assigning HOLC polygons areal-weighted 1940s Census measures. We then employed propensity score matching methods to estimate the association of historical HOLC grades on current birth outcomes. Because tracts graded A had almost no propensity of receiving grade C or D and because grade B tracts had low propensity of receiving grade D, we examined birth outcomes in the three following comparisons: B vs. A, C vs. B, and D vs. C.ResultsThe prevalence of preterm birth, SGA and mortality tended to be higher in worse HOLC grades, while the prevalence of LBW varied across grades. Overall odds of mortality and preterm birth increased as HOLC grade worsened. Propensity score matching balanced 1940s census measures across contrasting groups. Logistic regression models revealed significantly elevated odds of preterm birth (odds ratio (OR): 1.02, 95% confidence

مصطلحات الفهرس: Humans, Premature Birth, Pregnancy Outcome, Retrospective Studies, Residence Characteristics, Pregnancy, Socioeconomic Factors, Adult, Infant, Low Birth Weight, Small for Gestational Age, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Female, Male, Young Adult, Propensity Score, Social Segregation, Infant Mortality, Clinical Research, Pediatric, Perinatal Period - Conditions Originating in Perinatal Period, Prevention, Preterm, Low Birth Weight and Health of the Newborn, Reproductive health and childbirth, Good Health and Well Being, General Science & Technology, article

URL: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4d66s01xTest
https://escholarship.orgTest/

المؤلفون: Nardone, Natalie

مستخلص: BackgroundA faster rate of nicotine metabolism has been associated with smoking more cigarettes, greater nicotine withdrawal symptoms, and lower smoking quit rates. However, the association between nicotine metabolic rate (NMR) and cognitive functioning during withdrawal has not been determined.MethodsWe compared cognitive function in 121 fast or slow nicotine metabolizers after smoking, and at 3 and 6 h of nicotine abstinence. Cognitive functioning was assessed using N-back working memory tests with outcomes of accuracy and processing speed. Participants smoked two cigarettes and then abstained from smoking for 6 h. N-back tests were administered after smoking (0 h) and at 3 and 6 h of nicotine abstinence.ResultsAn effect of processing speed was found over time on the 2-back, in that participants had significantly longer average reaction times when the stimuli presented did not match the target letter. NMR was not significantly associated with the processing speed change over time. Within-race differences in working memory were evident in that Caucasian fast metabolizers had significantly poorer accuracy and processing speed.ConclusionsMinimal change in working memory over 6 h of nicotine abstinence was observed. Overall, NMR was not significantly associated with the change in processing speed, however Caucasian fast metabolizers displayed poorer accuracy and processing speed at discrete time points.

مصطلحات الفهرس: Humans, Nicotine, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Prospective Studies, Smoking Cessation, Cognition, Memory, Short-Term, Reaction Time, Time Factors, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Cigarette Smoking, NMR, Nicotine metabolite ratio, Smoking, Working memory, Drug Abuse (NIDA Only), Tobacco Smoke and Health, Prevention, Tobacco, Substance Abuse, Mental health, Good Health and Well Being, Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Neurology & Neurosurgery, publication

URL: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9bm088x9Test
https://escholarship.orgTest/

المؤلفون: Nardone, AL

المصدر: ISEE Conference Abstracts; vol 2020, iss 1; 1078-0475

مصطلحات الفهرس: article

URL: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/96z726w0Test
https://escholarship.orgTest/

المؤلفون: Nardone, Natalie

مستخلص: BackgroundA faster rate of nicotine metabolism has been associated with smoking more cigarettes, greater nicotine withdrawal symptoms, and lower smoking quit rates. However, the association between nicotine metabolic rate (NMR) and cognitive functioning during withdrawal has not been determined.MethodsWe compared cognitive function in 121 fast or slow nicotine metabolizers after smoking, and at 3 and 6 h of nicotine abstinence. Cognitive functioning was assessed using N-back working memory tests with outcomes of accuracy and processing speed. Participants smoked two cigarettes and then abstained from smoking for 6 h. N-back tests were administered after smoking (0 h) and at 3 and 6 h of nicotine abstinence.ResultsAn effect of processing speed was found over time on the 2-back, in that participants had significantly longer average reaction times when the stimuli presented did not match the target letter. NMR was not significantly associated with the processing speed change over time. Within-race differences in working memory were evident in that Caucasian fast metabolizers had significantly poorer accuracy and processing speed.ConclusionsMinimal change in working memory over 6 h of nicotine abstinence was observed. Overall, NMR was not significantly associated with the change in processing speed, however Caucasian fast metabolizers displayed poorer accuracy and processing speed at discrete time points.

مصطلحات الفهرس: Humans, Nicotine, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Prospective Studies, Smoking Cessation, Cognition, Memory, Short-Term, Reaction Time, Time Factors, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Cigarette Smoking, NMR, Nicotine metabolite ratio, Smoking, Working memory, Neurology & Neurosurgery, Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, publication

URL: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9bm088x9Test
https://escholarship.orgTest/

المؤلفون: Nardone, AL

المصدر: ISEE Conference Abstracts; vol 2020, iss 1; 1078-0475

مصطلحات الفهرس: article

URL: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/96z726w0Test
https://escholarship.orgTest/