المؤلفون: Jhunior Abrahan Marcía Fuentes, Manuel de Jesús Álvarez Gil, Héctor Zumbado Fernández, Ismael Montero-Fernández, Daniel Martín-Vertedor, Ajitesh Yadav, Ricardo S. Aleman

المصدر: Dietetics, Vol 3, Iss 2, Pp 87-97 (2024)

مصطلحات موضوعية: roasted chicken, AMP, potassium chloride, glycine, sodium reduction, Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases, RC620-627

الوصف: The demand for low-sodium products is growing worldwide and is compelled by the growing number of related illnesses. However, the quality of these products could be improved, likened to products produced with common salt (NaCL), because the replacement of sodium compromises the flavor of the product. Reducing sodium salts also poses an essential challenge for the meat industry, since sodium chloride (NaCl) fulfills essential technological functions. High sodium consumption has harmful health implications for cardiovascular and hypertension disorders. As a result, this study aimed to analyze the effect of KCl with Glycine and AMP on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics, purchase intent, and consumer perception of roasted chicken. NaCl/KCl replacement levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) were established, and consumer perception, liking, emotions, and purchase intent were evaluated. The different KCl levels, except for firmness, did not impact the physicochemical attributes. Even though higher replacement levels of KCl (75–100%) impacted chicken tenderness, it had no notable impact on panelists’ liking scores and purchase intent. Health claims about the sodium content in roasted chicken have also been shown to significantly increase purchase intent, based on enhancing consumer’s emotional responses. Regarding emotional responses, feelings of being unsafe and worried decreased their scores among the highest KCl replacement levels (75% and 100%). Positive emotional responses (feeling satisfied and pleased) were decisive consumer purchase intent predictors.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0311/3/2/8Test; https://doaj.org/toc/2674-0311Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/1eeac56885104fe7aea2e33e1be50bf6Test

المؤلفون: Célia Maria da Silva, Aureliano de Albuquerque Ribeiro, Evandro Fabio da Silva, Mayana Garcias da Silva

المصدر: Revista Brasileira de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Vol 18 (2024)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Cotton farming, Soil fertility, Potassium chloride, Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, TD1-1066, Biotechnology, TP248.13-248.65, Science (General), Q1-390

الوصف: Carrying out research evaluating the responses of cotton plants to potassium fertilization in different regions is of great importance, as it allows the development of recommendations for fertilization of this nutrient for the crop based on results from localized studies. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the responses of cotton plants to potassium fertilization in the climate and soil conditions of the Cariri region, located in the northeastern State of Ceará, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in an experimental area at the School of Technology (FATEC - Cariri campus), located in the city of Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará State. A completely randomized design (CRD) was adopted for statistics. The treatments were composed of a combination of five doses of potassium (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 kg ha-1 of K2O, equivalent to 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200% of the K recommended for cotton cultivation) with four replications. At 70 days after sowing, the plants were collected. Measurements were taken of stem diameter, number of leaves, root dry matter, shoot dry matter, total dry matter, number of floral buds, number of cotton balls, and cotton ball weight. Except for the shoot dry matter and the cotton ball weight, the remaining analysed variables were significantly influenced by potassium doses. Potassium doses between 65 and 100 kg ha-1 of K2O maximized the growth, dry matter, and production components of the cotton plant in the soil and climate conditions of the Cariri region, northeastern Brazil.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://seer.tupa.unesp.br/index.php/BIOENG/article/view/1215Test; https://doaj.org/toc/1981-7061Test; https://doaj.org/toc/2359-6724Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/df39ea482b8f4232ad473eca4719aad4Test

المؤلفون: Kirill Zavalin, Anjana Hassan, Yueli Zhang, Zain Khera, Andre H. Lagrange

المصدر: Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, Vol 18 (2024)

مصطلحات موضوعية: GABA-A receptors, potassium chloride co-transporter 2 (KCC2), developmental expression pattern, cortical development, GABAA subtypes, Western blot (WB), Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571

الوصف: Introductionγ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptors (GABAARs) are ligand-gated Cl-channels that mediate the bulk of inhibitory neurotransmission in the mature CNS and are targets of many drugs. During cortical development, GABAAR-mediated signals are significantly modulated by changing subunit composition and expression of Cl-transporters as part of developmental processes and early network activity. To date, this developmental evolution has remained understudied, particularly at the level of cortical layer-specific changes. In this study, we characterized the expression of nine major GABAAR subunits and K-Cl transporter 2 (KCC2) in mouse somatosensory cortex from embryonic development to postweaning maturity.MethodsWe evaluated expression of α1-5, β2-3, γ2, and δ GABAAR subunits using immunohistochemistry and Western blot techniques, and expression of KCC2 using immunohistochemistry in cortices from E13.5 to P25 mice.ResultsWe found that embryonic cortex expresses mainly α3, α5, β3, and γ2, while expression of α1, α2, α4, β2, δ, and KCC2 begins at later points in development; however, many patterns of nuanced expression can be found in specific lamina, cortical regions, and cells and structures.DiscussionWhile the general pattern of expression of each subunit and KCC2 is similar to previous studies, we found a number of unique temporal, regional, and laminar patterns that were previously unknown. These findings provide much needed knowledge of the intricate developmental evolution in GABAAR composition and KCC2 expression to accommodate developmental signals that transition to mature neurotransmission.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2024.1390742/fullTest; https://doaj.org/toc/1662-5102Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/983b9c80c60e436aaeb04465d1fa5bcfTest

المؤلفون: Gustavo Lagos, Luis Cifuentes, David Peters, Laura Castro, José Miguel Valdés

المصدر: Environmental Challenges, Vol 16, Iss , Pp 100962- (2024)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Atacama Salt Flat, Carbon footprint, Lithium carbonate, Lithium hydroxide, Potassium chloride, Water inventory, Environmental sciences, GE1-350

الوصف: The objective of this work is to estimate the carbon footprint and water footprint inventory using primary information of the lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide production of SQM and Albemarle in the Atacama Salt Flat, which represented 30 % of global lithium production in 2020. A contribution of the work is demonstrating that these two operations have the lowest reported GHG global emissions per unit production of lithium carbonate and of lithium hydroxide, and that this is possible due to natural and anthropogenic characteristics. Another contribution is that the natural advantages of the Atacama deposit should remain crucial in this leadership in spite of the introduction of an assortment of technologies in the reduction of GHG emissions in the future. A third contribution is showing that the largest cause of the carbon footprint for lithium carbonate production at the Atacama Salt Flat was soda ash, with 63.1 % of the total.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667010024001288Test; https://doaj.org/toc/2667-0100Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/7387f2e4cb5349cbbb6c344f4d7a8dd7Test

المؤلفون: Viivi Järvelä, Mira Hamze, Jonna Komulainen-Ebrahim, Elisa Rahikkala, Johanna Piispala, Mika Kallio, Salla M. Kangas, Tereza Nickl, Marko Huttula, Reetta Hinttala, Johanna Uusimaa, Igor Medina, Esa-Ville Immonen

المصدر: Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, Vol 17 (2024)

مصطلحات موضوعية: SLC12A5, GABA, potassium-chloride co-transporter, chloride, Cl−, epilepsy, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571

الوصف: The potassium-chloride co-transporter 2, KCC2, is a neuron-specific ion transporter that plays a multifunctional role in neuronal development. In mature neurons, KCC2 maintains a low enough intracellular chloride concentration essential for inhibitory neurotransmission. During recent years, pathogenic variants in the KCC2 encoding gene SLC12A5 affecting the functionality or expression of the transporter protein have been described in several patients with epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures (EIMFS), a devastating early-onset developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. In this study, we identified a novel recessively inherited SLC12A5 c.692G>A, p. (R231H) variant in a patient diagnosed with severe and drug-resistant EIMFS and profound intellectual disability. The functionality of the variant was assessed in vitro by means of gramicidin-perforated patch-clamp experiments and ammonium flux assay, both of which indicated a significant reduction in chloride extrusion. Based on surface immunolabeling, the variant showed a reduction in membrane expression. These findings implicate pathogenicity of the SLC12A5 variant that leads to impaired inhibitory neurotransmission, increasing probability for hyperexcitability and epileptogenesis.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2024.1372662/fullTest; https://doaj.org/toc/1662-5099Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/c924fe7976664232b84b934d595bc41cTest

المؤلفون: Leila Sabetnia, Farzaneh Hematian, Hosein Jafari, Reza Ganji, Ahmad Nezhadisalami

المصدر: Journal of Nephropathology, Vol 13, Iss 1, Pp e21435-e21435 (2024)

مصطلحات موضوعية: hypokalemia, potassium chloride, oral potassium chloride, potassium chloride vial, Pathology, RB1-214, Internal medicine, RC31-1245, Other systems of medicine, RZ201-999

الوصف: Introduction: Treatment of mild to moderate hypokalemia is a high potassium-containing diet and oral pharmaceutical potassium products. However, several medical centers in Iran use injectable dosage forms orally, which is not a confirmed method by reliable guidelines. Objectives: This study investigated the advantages and side effects of oral tablets versus injection vials of potassium chloride orally. Patients and Methods: This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was performed from March 2022 to June 2022. Thirty patients received tablets ("potassium chloride tablet" group), and thirty patients received injection vials ("potassium chloride vials orally" group) of potassium chloride orally. The variables, including age, gender, clinical side effects, and serum level of potassium, were regularly recorded. Results: The mean duration of serum potassium normalization was 42.00 hours for the "potassium chloride tablet" group and 84.57 hours for the "potassium chloride vials orally" group. The mean total potassium intake was 127.20 mEq/L in the "potassium chloride tablet" group and 280.03 mEq/L for the "potassium chloride vials orally" group. No significant difference was observed in gastrointestinal complications, including esophagitis, bloating, stomach ache, and nausea. None of the patients have required endoscopy due to esophagitis. Conclusion: Our result suggested that prescribing oral potassium chloride tablets has superior benefits over injection vials. However, more detailed research is needed to reveal the other aspects of this problem. Study Registration: This study was retrospectively registered in Research Registry UIN (UIN: reviewregistry1668).

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://nephropathol.com/PDF/jnp-13-e21435.pdfTest; https://doaj.org/toc/2251-8363Test; https://doaj.org/toc/2251-8819Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/edc31d51a74441a890e9c5348644e614Test

المؤلفون: James David Bullen, Katrina Rashelle Kissock, Xuejun Yin, Penjani Mkambula, Kathy Trieu, Bradley Hastings, Bruce Neal, Ellie Paige

المصدر: Public Health Nutrition, Vol 27 (2024)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Sodium chloride, Dietary salt, Potassium chloride, Diet, Food and nutrition, Salt substitute, Potassium-enriched salt, Salt supply, Salt industry, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases, RC620-627

الوصف: Abstract Objective: Switching regular salt (sodium chloride) to salt enriched with potassium chloride (25 % potassium chloride, 75 % sodium chloride) has been shown to reduce blood pressure and the risk of cardiovascular diseases. We sought to define the potential for the current production of sodium chloride and potassium chloride to support a global switch to the use of potassium-enriched salt. Design: We summarised data from geological surveys, government reports and trade organisations describing the global production and supply of sodium chloride and potash (the primary source of potassium chloride) and compared this to potential requirements for potassium-enriched salt. Setting: Global. Participants: Not applicable. Results: Approximately 280 million tonnes of sodium chloride were produced in 2020 with China and the USA the main producers. Global production of potash from which potassium chloride is extracted was about forty-four million tonnes with Canada, Belarus, Russia and China providing 77 % of the world’s supply. There were forty-eight countries in which potassium-enriched salt is currently marketed with seventy-nine different brands identified. Allowing for loss of salt between manufacture and consumption, a full global switch from regular salt to potassium-enriched salt would require about 9·7 million tonnes of sodium chloride to be replaced with 9·7 million tonnes of potassium chloride annually. Conclusions: Significant upscaling of the production of potassium chloride and the capacity of companies able to manufacture potassium-enriched salt, as well as a robust business case for the switch to potassium chloride, would be required.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1368980024000922/type/journal_articleTest; https://doaj.org/toc/1368-9800Test; https://doaj.org/toc/1475-2727Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/4874cdeb08044e25a653695d6a00a994Test

المؤلفون: Jiayu Guo, Xin Gao, Yujie Chi, Yuan Chi

المصدر: Foods, Vol 13, Iss 7, p 1107 (2024)

مصطلحات موضوعية: liquid whole egg, potassium chloride, aggregation behavior, rheological properties, Chemical technology, TP1-1185

الوصف: The potential of potassium chloride (KCl) to be used as a substitute for sodium chloride (NaCl) was studied by monitoring the effects of salt treatment on thermal behavior, aggregation kinetics, rheological properties, and protein conformational changes. The results show that the addition of KCl can improve solubility, reduce turbidity and particle size, and positively influence rheological parameters such as apparent viscosity, consistency coefficient (K value), and fluidity index (n). These changes indicate delayed thermal denaturation. In addition, KCl decreased the content of β-sheet and random coil structures and increased the content of α-helix and β-turn structures. The optimal results were obtained with 2% KCl addition, leading to an increase in Tp up to 85.09 °C. The correlation results showed that Tp was positively correlated with solubility, α-helix and β-turn but negatively correlated with ΔH, turbidity, β-sheet and random coil. Overall, compared to NaCl, 2% KCl is more effective in delaying the thermal aggregation of LWE, and these findings lay a solid theoretical foundation for the study of sodium substitutes in heat-resistant liquid egg products.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/13/7/1107Test; https://doaj.org/toc/2304-8158Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/efed864b88b24d1bb7859104345a8c60Test

المؤلفون: Yaqi Song, Dianming Wu, Peter Dörsch, Lanting Yue, Lingling Deng, Chengsong Liao, Zhimin Sha, Wenxu Dong, Yuanchun Yu

المصدر: Agronomy, Vol 14, Iss 2, p 331 (2024)

مصطلحات موضوعية: soil nitrites, deionized water, potassium chloride, shaking time, storage time, Agriculture

الوصف: Soil nitrite (NO2−) is an important reactive intermediate in many nitrogen transformation processes, but it is unstable under acidic conditions and may be lost as gaseous N. The canonical extraction method of soil NO2− using a potassium chloride (KCl) solution greatly underestimates its concentration. To reflect the concentration more accurately, we optimized the extraction method of soil NO2− for three agricultural soils differing in soil texture and pH, an alkalic fluvo-aquic soil and acidic Mollisol and Ultisol soils, respectively. Both extractable soil ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−) were systematically investigated to optimize the simultaneous extraction of soil inorganic nitrogen. The effects of different extractants (deionized water (DIW), un-buffered 2 mol L−1 KCl, and pH-buffered 2 mol L−1 KCl), shaking time (10 and 30 min), and storage duration of the extracts (stored at −20 °C for 1 day, and at 4 °C for 1, 3, and 6 days) on the determination of soil inorganic nitrogen were investigated. The results showed that the un-buffered KCl extractant significantly underestimated soil NO2− concentration compared to DIW. The highest recovery of NO2− was obtained by extracting with DIW at 10 min of shaking for all three soils. Compared with DIW, the concentration of NH4+ and NO3− in soil extracted from the KCl solution increased significantly. Furthermore, the soil inorganic nitrogen content of extracts stored at 4 °C for one day was closer to the direct measurements of fresh samples than with the other storage methods. Overall, the recommended analysis method for soil NO2− was extraction by DIW, shaking for 10 min, and filtering with a 0.45 µm filter, while soil NH4+ and NO3− were extracted with a KCl solution and shaken for 30 min. The extract should be stored at 4 °C and analyzed within 24 h. Our study provides an efficient extraction method for soil NO2− and supports studies on the biogeochemical nitrogen cycle, e.g., in the investigation of soil nitrous acid (HONO) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/2/331Test; https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4395Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/aeedeb2721b74b7994db58ecba556ab6Test

المؤلفون: Ashlyn C. Heniff, Melinda A. Gorges, Gregory A. Lewbart, Julie A. Balko

المصدر: Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens, Vol 4, Iss 1, Pp 231-239 (2023)

مصطلحات موضوعية: euthanasia, insects, ivermectin, potassium chloride, KCl, thorny devil stick insect, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Zoology, QL1-991

الوصف: Insects are commonly utilized in biomedical research and have become increasingly popular in museum collections and as pets. Despite this, objective evaluation of insect euthanasia is scarce. This study investigated the effectiveness of targeted injections of ivermectin or potassium chloride (KCl) for the euthanasia of anesthetized thorny devil stick insects (Eurycantha calcarata). Ten clinically healthy mature insects (six males, four females) were enrolled. Insects were weighed and anesthetized via exposure to a cotton ball soaked with 1.6 mL of liquid isoflurane in a 1 L sealed chamber until loss of righting reflex and response to stimulation (induction). Insects then received one of three treatments: ivermectin 100 mg/kg (n = 4), KCl 200 mEq/kg (n = 4), or 0.9% sodium chloride 100 mL/kg (n = 2) injected along the ventral thoracic midline between the first leg plate and the caudal adjacent plate. Following injection, insects were serially monitored for return of spontaneous movement and righting reflex. Death was defined as the absence of spontaneous movement for 48 h. Median (range) induction time and isoflurane concentration at induction was 36 (22–39) min (n = 9) and 22 (19–22)%, respectively. Euthanasia was successful in 4/4, 3/4, and 0/2 isoflurane-anesthetized insects receiving ivermectin, KCl, or 0.9% sodium chloride, respectively. Recovery was prolonged at 10.5 (sodium chloride female), 11.0 (KCl male), and 18.0 (sodium chloride male) hours. This is the first prospective investigation of euthanasia in adult E. calcarata. In this preliminary study, ivermectin 100 mg/kg via ventral midline injection was effective for euthanasia of thorny devil stick insects.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5636/4/1/20Test; https://doaj.org/toc/2673-5636Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/8c1814c23fcb4cd2a85aca002500d6f0Test