空氣及室內粉塵中多溴聯苯醚濃度分佈與人體曝露量評估 ; The concentration and Assessment of Human Exposure to Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Indoor Air and Dust

التفاصيل البيبلوغرافية
العنوان: 空氣及室內粉塵中多溴聯苯醚濃度分佈與人體曝露量評估 ; The concentration and Assessment of Human Exposure to Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Indoor Air and Dust
المؤلفون: 賴萬豪, Wah-Hau Lai
المساهمون: 凌永健, Yong-Chien Ling
سنة النشر: 2006
المجموعة: National Tsing Hua University Institutional Repository (NTHUR)
مصطلحات موضوعية: 多溴聯苯醚, 人體曝露量, PBDEs, human exposure
الوقت: 31
الوصف: 碩士 ; 國立清華大學 ; 化學系 ; GH000933466 ; 本研究測定室內空氣PBDEs濃度(平均123 pg/m3,54.3 ~ 227 pg/m3)比室外空氣(平均46.0 pg/m3,32.3 ~ 72.6 pg/m3)高,可能原因為PBDEs添加於室內之電子電器產品。PBDEs濃度在工作環境(平均152 pg/m3,115 ~ 225 pg/m3)比居家環境(平均94.2 pg/m3,54.3 ~ 173 pg/m3)高;工作環境室內粉塵PBDEs濃度(平均3567 ng/gw,160 ~ 9763 ng/gw)比居家環境(平均2320 ng/gw,91.7 ~ 16123 ng/gw)高,可能原因為工作環境使用之電子電器產品較多。在人體對於PBDEs曝露量方面,本研究評估國內成人對於空氣中PBDEs曝露量(平均29.7 pg/kg-d,19.1 ~ 50.6 pg/kg-d)也比小孩(平均49.9 pg/kg-d,29.0 ~ 91.1 pg/kg-d)低;本研究評估國內成人對於室內粉塵中PBDEs之曝露量(平均3.60 ng/kg-d,0.44 ~ 18.9 ng/kg-d)比小孩(平均28.8 ng/kg-d,1.10 ~ 199.7 ng/kg-d )低。由曝露量結果可知人體對於室內粉塵中PBDEs曝露量比空氣中PBDEs曝露量高上100 ~ 1000倍,說明室內粉塵PBDEs曝露量重要性比空氣重要許多。本研究測定之室內外空氣和室內粉塵中PBDEs濃度及人體曝露量,較大多數工業國家為低。 本研究並未發現室內空氣中PBDEs和市售阻燃劑(五溴、八溴和十溴)有明顯之關連性,發現部分室內粉塵中PBDEs和市售阻燃劑有關連性,且室內粉塵樣品中PBDEs濃度分佈和亞洲之進口量相似(十溴>八溴>五溴),但和商業化產品(電視、電腦與PUF材料)沒有明顯之關連性,原因有待更進一步之調查研究。 ; Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used in electrical and electronic products. We have therefore investigated PBDEs in indoor ambient and found the concentration of PBDEs in indoor air (avg. = 123 pg/m3,54.3 ~ 227 pg/m3) is higher than those in outdoor air (avg. = 46.0 pg/m3,32.3 ~ 72.6 pg/m3). The concentration of PBDEs in indoor dust from working environment (avg. = 3567 ng/gw,160 ~ 9763 ng/gw) is higher than those from housing environment (avg. = 2320 ng/gw,91.7 ~ 16123 ng/gw). We also found that the adults exposure to PBDEs in air (avg. = 29.7 pg/kg-d,19.1 ~ 50.6 pg/kg-d) is lower than the children(avg. = 49.9 pg/kg-d,29.0 ~ 91.1 pg/kg-d). The adults exposure to PBDEs in indoor dust (avg. = 3.60 ng/kg-d,0.44 ~ 18.9 ng/kg-d) is also lower than the children (avg. = 28.8 ng/kg-d,1.10 ~ 199.7 ng/kg-d). The exposure to PBDEs in indoor dust is 100 ~ 1000 times higher than that in air. The concentration of and human exposure to PBDEs in air and indoor dust in Taiwan are lower than most industrial countries. This study didn’t find clear relationship between PBDEs in indoor air and commercial brominated flame retardants (BFR) materials. Instead, a relationship between indoor dust and BFR materials was ...
نوع الوثيقة: other/unknown material
وصف الملف: 155 bytes; text/html
اللغة: Chinese
العلاقة: 1. Bromine Science and Environmental Forum. http://www.bsef.comTest/ (accessed by 2006) 2. 于樹偉;陳俊勳;張智福;吳上慶 (2005) 歐盟環保指令限用之溴化阻燃劑的危害特性 永續產業發展雙月刊NO. 21。 3. Richard J. (2002) Uncertainties and data needs in risk assessment of three commercial polybrominated diphenyl ethers: probabilistic exposure analysis and comparison with European Commission results. Chemosphere (46): 779-796. 4. Hurtzinger O., Thoma H., Chemosphere, 2005, 16, 922–928. 5. 彭瑞華(2002)。環境基質中溴化戴奧辛及多溴聯苯醚之高解析度氣相層析質譜分析,中原大學碩士論文。 6. T. Gouin, T. Harner (2003) Modeling the Environmental Fate of the Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers. Environmental International (29): 717–724. 7. 林純如(2004)。多溴聯苯醚 (PBDEs)對單孔蚓 (Monopylephorus limosus)之存活與蛋白質表現之影響,國立中山大學碩士論文。 8. Meerts L., Marsh G. (1998) Interaction of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Metabolites(PBDE-OH) with Human Transthyretin. Organohal. compds. (37): 309-312. 9. Helleday T., Tuominen K. L. (1999) Brominated Flame Retardants Induce Intragenic Recombination in Mammalian Cells. Mutation Research (439): 137-147. 10. Y. S. Keum, Q. X. Li (2005) Reductive Debromination of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers by Zerovalent Iron. Environ. Sci. Technol. (39) : 2280-2286. 11. L. Sanchez-Prodo, C. Gonzalez-Barreiro. (2005) Photochemical Studies of a Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDES) Technical Mixture by Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME). Chemosphere (60): 922–928. 12. Sellstrome U., Soderstrom A.(1998) Photolytic Debromination of Decabromodiphenyl Ether(DeBDE). Organohal. compds. (35): 477-450. 13. Radek K., Jana H. (2004) Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk samples in the Czech Republic Comparative study of negative chemical ionisation mass spectrometry and time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta (520): 237-243. 14. Souichi O., Daisuke I. (2002) Comparison of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish,vegetables, and meats and levels in human milkof nursing women in Japan. Chemosphere (46): 689-696. 15. Ylva L., Perola D.(2002) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milkfrom Uppsala County, Sweden. Environmental Research (93): 186-194. 16. Meironyte D., Noren K. (1999) Analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Swedish human milk. A time related trend study, 1972–1997. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health (58): 329–341. 17. Bita E., Akio K. (2006) Large-scale evaluation of the current level of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from 13 regions of Japan. Chemosphere (63): 554-561. 18. Q. Q. Li, Annamalai L. (2005) Determination and occurrence of Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in maternal adipose tissue from inhabitants of Singapore, J. Chrom. B. (819) : 253-257. 19. J.W. Choi, Susumu F. (2003) Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins, Dibenzofurans, and Diphenyl Ethers in Japanese Human Adipose Tissue. Environ. Sci. Technol. (37) : 817-821. 20. Boris J. R., Kurunthachalam K. (2005) Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Human Adipose Tissue from New York. Environ. Sci. Technol. (39): 5177-5182. 21. Ronald A. (2004) Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in the Environment and in People: A Meta-Analysis of Concentrations. Environ. Sci. Technol. (38): 945-956. 22. Strandman T., Koistinen J. (1999) Levels of some polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fish and human adipose tissue in Finland. Organohal. compds. (40): 355-358. 23. Andreas S., Lars H. (1999) Flame Retardant Exposure: Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Blood from Swedish Workers. Environ. Health Persp. (107): 643-648. 24. Karin D. (2004) Tracking Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Releases in a Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent, Palo Alto, California. Environ. Sci. Technol. (38): 4484-4488. 25. Karin O., Kristofer W. (2002) Distribution and levels of brominated flame retardants in sewage sludge. Chemosphere (48): 805-809. 26. Robert C. H., Mehran. (2003) Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the North American environment. Environment International (29): 771– 779. 27. Nylund K., Asplund L.(1992) Analysis of some polyhalogenated organic pollutants in sediment and sewage sludge. Chemosphere (24): 1721-1730. 28. Sellstrome U., Kierkegaard A. (1999) Brominated flame retardants in sediments from European esturaried, the Baltic Sea and in sewage sludge. Organohal. compds. (40): 383-386. 29. K. Akutsu, H. Obana, M. (2001) GC/MS Analysis of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Fish Collected from the Island Sea of Seto, Japan. Chemosphere (44): 1325-1333. 30. J.H. Christensen, J. Platz, J. (2001) Screening of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blue mussels, marine and freshwater sediments in Denmark, Environ. Monit. (3): 543-551. 31. F.R. Brown, J. Winkler, Organohalogen Compd., 2003, 61, 117-121. 32. A. Bocio, J. M. Llobet (2003) Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Foodstuffs: Human Exposure through the Diet. J. Agric. Food chem. (51): 3191-3195. 33. Arnold S., Olaf P. (2004) Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Contamination of United States Food. Environ. Sci. Technol. (38): 5306-5311. 34. Damerud, P. O., Eriksen, G. S. (2001) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: occurrence, dietary exposure, and toxicology, Environ. Health Perspect (109): 49-68. 35. Ryan J.K., Patry B. (2001) Body burdens and food exposure in Canada for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs)., Organohal. compds. (51): 226-229. 36. Ramance W., Chris H., A Preliminary Assessment of UK Human exposure to Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) Organohal. compds. (55): 239-242. 37. Janice K., Gerald L. (2005) Polychlorinated Dioxins, Furans, and Biphenyls, and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in a U.S. Meat Market Basket and Estimates of Dietary Intake. Environ. Sci. Technol. (39): 5606-5611. 38. 環保署空氣中戴奧辛及呋喃採樣方法, NIEA A809.10B. (2001) 39. EPA method 1614, August 2003 Draft. 40. EPA method 3546, Revision 0, November 2000. 41. Chuanhong Tu, Harry F. (2005) Determination of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Polymeric Materials using 6890GC/5973N inert MSB with Electron Impact Ionization. Agilent Technologies. 42. Q. Q. Li., Annamalai L. (2005) Determination and occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in maternal adipose tissue from inhabitants of Singapore. J. Chrom. B. (819): 253-257. 43. Stephane ., H. K. Lee. (2004) Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in marine biological tissues using microwave-assisted extraction. J. Chrom. A (1035): 291-294. 44. Eljarrat, E., Lacorte,S. (2002) Optimization of congener-specific analysis of 40 polybrominated diphenyl ethers by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Journal of Mass Spectrometry (37): 76-84 45. Harry F. (2005) 5975 inert MSD用於高分子量多溴二苯醚的分析。Agilent Technologies. 46. Dr. Guelph (2003) Certified of Analysis/Documentation. Rev 0。 Wellington Laboratories Inc. 47. Souichi O., Teruyuki N.(2002) Contamination Levels of PBDEs, TBBPA, PCDDs/DFs, PBDDs/DFs and PXDD/DFs in The Environment of Japan. Organohal. compds. (57): 57-60. 48. Wilhelm K., Winfried M. (2005) Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in House Dust. Organohal. compds. (68): 213-216. 49. Bondi G., Majed A., Abdul Nabi A. (2006) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor air in Kuwait: Implications for human exposure. Atmospheric Environment (40): 1419–1426. 50. Stuart H . Ramanee, W. (2004) Prelimary Assenment of U.K. Human Dietary and Inhalation Exposure to Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers. Environ. Sci. Technol. (38): 2345-2350. 51. Bryony H., Wilfor D. (2004) Passive Sampling Survey of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Flame Retardants in Indoor and Outdoor Air in Ottawa Canada: Implications for Sources and Exposure. Environ. Sci. Technol. (38): 5312-5318. 52. L. G. Chen, X. H. Wang. (2006) Concentration Levels, Compositional Profiles, and Gas-Particle Partitioning of Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the Atmosphere of an Urban City in South China. Environ. Sci. Technol. (40): 1190-1196. 53. Heather M., Nathang D. (2005) Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in House Dust and Clothes Dryer Lint. Environ. Sci. Technol. (39): 925-931. 54. Bryony H., Wilfor D. (2005) Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Indoor Dust in Ottawa, Cadnada : Implication for Sources and Exposure. Environ. Sci. Technol. (39): 7027-7035. 55. United Nations Environment Programme(1999)Dioxin and Furan Inventories, National and Regional Emissions of PCDD/PCDF. 56. 行政院主計處,台灣地區時間運用調查報告,民國76、83年。 57. Kenichi H., Hiroshi T. (2002) Polybrominated Diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Polybrominated Dioxin/Furans (PBDD/Fs) and Monobromo-polychlorinated Dioxin/Furans (MoBPXDD/Fs) in Atmosphere and Bulk Deposition in Kyoto, Japan. Organohal. compds. (59): 299-302. 58. Bo S., Nathan G. (2001) Concentration and Spatial Variations of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Other Organohalogen Compounds in Great Lakes Air. Environ. Sci. Technol. (35): 1078-1083. 59. Graig M., Butt Mirian L.(2004) Spatial Distribution of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Southern Ontario As Measured in Indoor and Outdoor Window Organic Films. Environ. Sci. Technol. (38): 724-731. 60. C. Thomsen, H. Leknes, E. Lundanes, G. Becher. (2001) Brominated flame retardants in laboratory. J. Chrom. A. (923): 229-304. 61. Principles of Characterizing and Applying Human Exposure Models (2005) World Health Organization Geneva. 62. Washington State Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Chemical Action Plan. January, 19, 2006 63. Begoña F., Angeles M., Belen R. (2005) Result of an European Survey Based on PBDEs Analysis in Household Dust. Organohal. compds. (68): 452-454. 64. Sjodin A., Jakobsson E. (1998) Gas chromatographic identification and quantification of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a commercial product, Bromkal 70-5DE. J. Chrom. A (822): 83-89. 65. Sabine K., Meike B., Oliver J., Standard measurement method for the determination of polybrominated flame retardants(pentabromo diphenyl ether, octabromo diphenyl ether) in product.(2005) 66. Richard J. (2002) Uncertainties and data needs in risk assessment of three commercial polybrominated diphenyl ethers: probabilistic exposure analysis and comparison with European Commission results. Chemosphere. (46): 779-796. 67. Heather A., John P., Miriam L., Josephine A. (2005) Is House Dust the Missing Exposure Pathway for PBDEs? An Analysis of the Urban Fate and Human Exposure to PBDEs. Environ. Sci. Technol. (39): 5121-5130. 68. Andreas S., Olaf P., Ernest M. (2004) Concentration of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in House Hold Dust from Various Countries-Inhalation a Potential Route of Human Exposure. Organohal. compds. (66): 3817-3822. 69. Wilhelm K., Winfried M. (2005) Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in House Dust. Organohal. compds. (68): 213-216. 70. 風險評估資訊系統(The Risk Assessment Information System, RAIS)http://risk.lsd.ornl.govTest/ (accessed May 2006). 71. Richard J. (2002) Uncertainties and data needs in risk assessment of three commercial polybrominated diphenyl ethers: probabilistic exposure analysis and comparison with European Commission results. Chemosphere. (46): 779-796.; http://nthur.lib.nthu.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/34689Test
الإتاحة: http://nthur.lib.nthu.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/34689Test
رقم الانضمام: edsbas.9E9A269D
قاعدة البيانات: BASE