المؤلفون: Vaughan, Aisling, Duffell, Erika, Freidl, Gudrun S, Lemos, Diogo Simão, Nardone, Anthony, Valenciano, M, Subissi, Lorenzo, Bergeri, Isabel, K Broberg, Eeva, Penttinen, Pasi, Pebody, Richard, Keramarou, Maria

مصطلحات موضوعية: Public health

الوصف: Objectives Systematic review of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence studies undertaken in the WHO European Region to measure pre-existing and cumulative seropositivity prior to the roll out of vaccination programmes. Design A systematic review of the literature. Data sources We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and the preprint servers MedRxiv and BioRxiv in the WHO ‘COVID-19 Global literature on coronavirus disease’ database using a predefined search strategy. Articles were supplemented with unpublished WHO-supported Unity-aligned seroprevalence studies and other studies reported directly to WHO Regional Office for Europe and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Eligibility criteria Studies published before the widespread implementation of COVID-19 vaccination programmes in January 2021 among the general population and blood donors, at national and regional levels. Data extraction and synthesis At least two independent researchers extracted the eligible studies; a third researcher resolved any disagreements. Study risk of bias was assessed using a quality scoring system based on sample size, sampling and testing methodologies. Results In total, 111 studies from 26 countries published or conducted between 1 January 2020 and 31 December 2020 across the WHO European Region were included. A significant heterogeneity in implementation was noted across the studies, with a paucity of studies from the east of the Region. Sixty-four (58%) studies were assessed to be of medium to high risk of bias. Overall, SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity prior to widespread community circulation was very low. National seroprevalence estimates after circulation started ranged from 0% to 51.3% (median 2.2% (IQR 0.7–5.2%); n=124), while subnational estimates ranged from 0% to 52% (median 5.8% (IQR 2.3%–12%); n=101), with the highest estimates in areas following widespread local transmission. Conclusions The low levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibody in most populations prior to the start of vaccine programmes underlines the critical importance of targeted ...

وصف الملف: text/html

العلاقة: http://bmjopen.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/13/11/e064240Test; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064240Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064240Test
http://bmjopen.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/13/11/e064240Test

المؤلفون: Mead, Gillian, Dennis, Martin, FOCUS trial Collaboration, Anderson, R, Buchanan, D, Deary, A, Drever, J, Fraser, R, Graham, C, Innes, K, McGill, C, Perry, D, Walker, P, Williams, C, Barugh, A, Blair, G, Chun, Y, Maschauer, E, Scott, M, Forbes, J, Hackett, M, Hankey, G, House, A, Lewis, S, Lundström, E, Sandercock, Peter, Lewis, Steff, Williamson, Judith, Forbes, John, Hankey, Graeme, Hackett, Maree, Murray, Veronica, Innes, Karen, French, Ray, Stott, David, Burgess, David, Emberson, Jonathan, Ellis, Graham, Tyrrell, Pippa, Sandercock, P, MacLeod, M, Sullivan, F, Anderson, C, Morales, D, Langhorne, P, Reid, F, Rodgers, H, Hunter, N, Parakramawansha, R, Fazal, A, Taylor, P, Rutherford, W, McCormick, K, Buchan, R, MacRaild, A, Paulton, R, Burgess, S, McGowan, D, Skwarski, J, Proudfoot, F, Murphy, R, Perry, J, Bamford, J, Bedford, C, Waugh, D, Veraque, E, Kambafwile, M, Makawa, L, Smalley, P, Randall, M, Idrovo, L, Hassan, A, Thirugnana-Chandran, T, Vowden, R, Jackson, J, Bhalla, A, Tam, C, Rudd, A, Gibbs, C, Birns, J, Lee Carbon, L, Cattermole, E, Cape, A, hurley, L, Marks, K, Kullane, S, Smyth, N, Giallombardo, E, Eglinton, C, Wilson, J, Dellafera, D, Reidy, P, Pitt, M, Sykes, L, Frith, A, Croome, V, Duffy, J, Cooke, D, Hancevic, M, Kerwood, L, Narh, C, Merritt, C, Willson, J, Ali, A, Bell, S, Jackson, T, Bowler, H, Kamara, C, Naqvi, A, Howe, J, Stocks, K, Dunn, G, Endean, K, Claydon, F, Duty, S, Doyle, C, Harkness, K, Richards, E, Meegada, M, Maatouk, A, Barron, L, Dakin, K, Lindert, R, Majid, A, Rana, P, Nair, A, Brighouse-Johnson, C, Greig, J, Kyu, M, Prasad, S, Robinson, M, Mclean, B, Alam, I, Greenhalgh, L, Ahmed, Z, Roffe, C, Brammer, S, Barry, A, Beardmore, C, Finney, K, Maguire, H, Hollinshead, P, Grocott, J, Natarajan, I, Chembala, J, Sanyal, R, Lijko, S, Abano, N, Remegoso, A, Ferdinand, P, Stevens, S, Stephen, C, Whitmore, P, Butler, A, Causley, C, Varquez, R, Muddegowda, G, Carpio, R, Hiden, J, Denic, H, Sword, J, Hall, F, Cageao, J, Keenan, S, Curwen, R, James, M, Mudd, P, Roughan, C, Kingwell, H, Hemsley, A, Lohan, C, Davenport, S, Chapter, T, Bowring, A, Hough, M, Strain, D, Gupwell, K, Miller, K, Goff, A, Cusack, E, Todd, S, Partridge, R, Jennings, G, Thorpe, K, Stephenson, J, Littlewood, K, Barber, M, Brodie, F, Marshall, S, Esson, D, McInnes, C, Coburn, I, Ross, F, Withers, V, Bowie, E, Barcroft, H, Miller, L, Willcoxson, P, Keeling, M, Donninson, M, Evans, R, Daniel, D, Coyle, J, Elliott, M, Wanklyn, P, Wightman, J, Iveson, E, Porteous, A, Dyer, N, Haritakis, M, Ward, M, Wright, L, Bell, J, Emms, C, Wood, P, Cottrell, P, Doughty, L, Carr, L, Anazodo, C, Neill, M O, Westmoreland, J, Rodriguez, R, Mir, R, Donne, C, Bamford, E, Clark Brown, P, Stanners, A, Ghouri, I, Needle, A, Eastwood, M, Carpenter, M, Datta, P, Davey, R, Razik, F, Bateman, G, Archer, J, Balasubramanian, V, Jackson, L, Benton, L, Ball, J, Bowers, R, Ellam, J, Norton, K, Guyler, P, Tysoe, S, Harman, P, Kundu, A, Dowling, T, Chandler, S, Omodunbi, O, Loganathan, T, Noor, S, Kunhunny, S, Sinha, D, Siddiqui, A, Sheppard, M, Shah, S, Kelavkar, S, Ng, K, Wilson, L, Ropun, A, Kamuriwo, L, Orath Prabakaran, R, France, E, Rashmi, S, Mangion, D, Constantin, C, Markova, S, Hardwick, A, Borley, J, De Michele Hock, L, Lawrence, T, Fletcher, J, Netherton, K, Spencer, R, Palmer, H, Soliman, M, Leach, S, Sharma, J, Brown, R, Taylor, C, Wahishi, I, Arif, S, Fields, A, Butler, S, Hindle, J, Watson, E, Hewitt, C, Cullen, C, Hamill, D, Mellor, Z, Fluskey, T, Hankin, V, Keeling, A, Durairaj, R, Wood, D, Peters, J, Shackcloth, D, Tangney, R, Hlaing, T, Sutton, V, Harrison, M, Stevenson, S, Ewing, J, Patterson, C, Price, J, Wilson, H, Ramadan, H, Maguire, S, Khan, S, Bellfield, R, Hamid, U, Hooley, M, Ghulam, R, Masters, L, Gaba, W, Quinn, O, Sekaran, L, Tate, M, Mohammed, N, Sethuraman, S, Alwis, L, Robinson, R, Bharaj, K, Pattni, R, Justin, F, Chauhan, M, Eldridge, L, Mintias, S, Palmones, J, Holmes, C, Guthrie, L, Murphy, P, Devitt, N, Leonard, J, Osborn, M, Ball, L, Steele, A, Dodd, E, Holloway, A, Baker, P, Patel, R, Penwarden, I, Caine, S, Clarke, S, Dow, L, Williams, S, Wynn-Williams, R, Kennedy, J, DeVeciana, A, Mathieson, P, Reckless, I, Teal, R, Schulz, U, Ford, G, Mccann, P, Cluckie, G, Howell, G, Ayer, J, Moynihan, B, Ghatala, R, Clarke, B, Cloud, G, Patel, B, Khan, U, Al-Samarrai, N, Watson, F, Adedoyin, T, Trippier, S, Chopra, N, Zhang, L, Choy, L, Kennedy, K, Williams, R, Jones, V, Clarke, N, Dainty, A, Blight, A, Selvarajah, J, Smith, W, Moreton, F, Welch, A, Kalladka, D, Cheripelli, B, Douglas, E, Lush, A, Huang, X, El Tawil, S, Day, N, Montgomery, K, Hamilton, H, Ritchie, D, Ramachandra, S, McLeish, K, Cohen, D, Badiani, B, Abdul-Saheb, M, Chamberlain, A, Mpelembue, M, Bathula, R, Lang, M, Devine, J, Southworth, L, Burgess, L, Epie, N, David, A, Owoyele, E, Guo, F, Oshodi, A, Sudkeo, V, Thavanesan, K, Tiwari, D, Ovington, C, Rogers, E, Bower, R, Hann, G, Longland, B, David, O, Hogan, A, Loganathan, S, Roberts, J, Cox, C, Orr, S, Keltos, M, Rashed, K, Williams-Yesson, B, Board, J, De Bruijn, S, Buckley, C, Vickers, C, Board, S, Allison, J, Keeling, E, Duckett, T, Donaldson, D, Barron, C, Balian, L, Edwards, A, England, T, Hedstrom, A, Bedford, E, Harper, M, Melikyan, E, Abbott, W, Subramanian, K, Goldsworthy, M, Srinivasan, M, Mukherjee, I, Ghani, U, Yeomans, A, Hurford, F, Chapman, R, Shahzad, S, Motherwell, N, Tonks, L, Young, R, Dutta, D, Brown, P, Davis, F, Ward, D, Turfrey, J, Obaid, M, Cartwright, B, Topia, B, Spurway, J, Hughes, C, Hill, L, OConnell, S, Collins, K, Bakawala, R, Chatterjee, K, Webster, T, Haider, S, Rushworth, P, Macleod, F, Perkins, C, Nallasivan, A, Burns, E, Leason, S, Carter, T, Seagrave, S, Sami, E, Parkinson, S, Hassan, M, Naqvi, S, Armstrong, L, Mawer, S, Darnbrook, G, Booth, C, Hairsine, B, Smith, M, Williamson, S, Farquhar, F, Esisi, B, Cassidy, T, McClelland, B, Mankin, G, Bokhari, M, Sproates, D, Epstein, E, Blackburn, R, Hurdowar, S, Sukhdeep, N, Razak, S, Upton, N, Hashmi, A, Osman, K, Fotherby, K, Willberry, A, Morgan, D, Sahota, G, Jennings-Preece, K, Butler, D, Das, S, Stevens, A, Ahmad, N, Kauldhar, K, Harrington, F, Mate, A, Skewes, J, Adie, K, Bond, K, Courtauld, G, Schofield, C, Lucas, L, James, A, Ellis, S, Maund, B, Allsop, L, Brodie, C, Johnson, M, Driver, E, Harris, K, Drake, M, Moore, K, Thomas, E, Burn, M, Hamilton, A, Mahalingam, S, Benford, A, Hilton, D, Misra, A, Hazell, L, Ofori, K, Mathew, M, Thomas, A, Dayal, S, Burn, I, Bruce, D, Naeem, M, Burnip, R, Hayman, R, Earnshaw, P, Brown, E, Clayton, S, Gamble, P, Dima, S, Dhakal, M, Rogers, G, Stephenson, L, Nendick, R, Pai, Y, Nyo, K, Cvoro, V, Couser, M, Simpson, M, Tachtatzis, A, Ullah, K, Cain, R, Chapman, N, Pound, S, McAuley, S, Hargroves, D, Ransom, B, Mears, K, Griffiths, K, Cowie, L, Hammond, T, Webb, T, Balogun, I, Rudenko, H, Thomson, A, Ceccarelli, D, Gillian, A, Beranova, E, Verrion, A, Chattha, N, Schumacher, N, Bahk, A, Walker, S, Sims, D, Jones, R, Smith, J, Tongue, R, Willmot, M, Sutton, C, Littleton, E, Khaira, J, Maiden, S, Cunningham, J, Chin, Y, Green, C, Bates, M, Ahlquist, K, Kane, I, Breeds, J, Sargent, T, Latter, L, Pitt Ford, A, Levett, T, Gainsborough, N, Thompson, P, Dunne, A, Barbon, E, Hervey, S, Ragab, S, Sandell, T, Dickson, C, Power, S, Dube, J, Evans, N, Wadams, B, Elitova, S, Aubrey, B, Garcia, T, Mcilmoyle, J, Ahmed, A, Dickinson, C, Jeffs, C, Dhar, S, Jones, K, Howard, J, Armer, C, Frudd, J, Kumar, S, Potter, A, Donaldson, S, Collas, D, Sundayi, S, Denham, L, Oza, D, Walker, E, Bhandari, M, Ispoglou, S, Sharobeem, K, Hayes, A, Howard-Brown, J, Walton, E, Shanu, S, Billingham, S, Weir, N, Howard, G, Wood, E, Pressly, V, Crawford, P, Burton, H, Walters, A, Marigold, J, Said, R, Allen, C, Evans, S, Egerton, S, Hakkak, J, Andrews, J, Lampard, R, Smith, S, Tsang, S, Creeden, R, Gartrell, I, Smith, F, Jenkins, C, Price, F, Pryor, J, Hedges, A, Moseley, L, Mercer, L, Warburton, E, Handley, D, Finlay, S, Hannon, N, Espanol, A, Kelly, S, Mcgee, J, Markus, H, Chandrasena, D, Sesay, J, Hayden, D, Hayhoe, H, Macdonald, J, Bolton, M, Mitchell, J, Farron, C, Amis, E, Day, D, Culbert, A, Whitehead, L, Crisp, S, Francis, J, OConnell, J, Osborne, E, Beard, R, Corrigan, P, Smith, A, Edwards, M, Mokoena, L, Sattar, N, Myint, M, Krishnamurthy, R, Azim, A, Whitworth, S, Nicolson, A, Alam, S, White, J, Krasinska-Chavez, M, Imam, J, Chaplin, S, Singh, D, Curtis, J, Wood, L, Byrne, A, McGhee, C, Smart, A, Donaldson, F, Blackburn, J, Copeland, C, Scott, R, Fitzsimmons, P, Fletcher, G, Manoj, A, Cox, P, Trainor, L, Lopez, P, Wilkinson, M, Denny, L, Kavanagh, K, Allsop, H, Sukys, U, Valentine, S, Jarrett, D, Dodsworth, K, Wands, M, Watkinson, C, Golding, W, Khan, N, Tandy, J, Butler, R, Yip, K, James, C, Davies, Y, Williams, M, Suttling, A, Nagaratnam, K, Mannava, N, Haque, N, Shields, N, Preston, K, Mason, G, Short, K, Uitenbosch, G, Lumsdale, G, Emsley, H, Sultan, S, Walmsley, B, Ahmed, S, Doyle, D, McLoughlin, A, Hough, L, Gregary, B, Raj, S, Maney, A, Blane, S, Gamble, G, Hague, A, Charles, B, Duran, B, Lambert, C, Stagg, K, Whiting, R, Brown, S, Hussain, M, Harvey, M, Homan, J, Foote, L, Graham, L, Lane, C, Kemp, L, Rowe, J, Durman, H, Brotherton, L, Hunt, N, Foot, J, Whitcher, A, Pawley, C, Sutton, P, Mcdonald, S, Pak, D, Wiltshire, A, Balami, J, Self, C, Jagger, J, Metcalf, A, Healey, G, Crofts, M, Chakrabarti, A, Hmu, C, Keshet-Price, J, Ravenhill, G, Grimmer, C, Soe, T, Potter, I, Tam, P, Langley, M, Cooper, P, Christie, M, Irvine, J, Joyson, A, Annison, F, Christie, D, Meneses, C, Johnson, A, Nelson, S, Taylor, V, Furnace, J, Gow, H, Reid, J, Clarke, R, Abousleiman, Y, Bloom, S, Goshawk, S, Purcell, J, Beadling, T, Collins, S, Jones, S, Sangaralingham, S, Munuswamy Vaiyapuri, E, Landicho, M, Begum, Y, Mutton, S, Allen, J, Lowe, J, Hughes, M, Wiggam, I, Tauro, S, Cuddy, S, Wells, B, Mohd Nor, A, Persad, N, Kalita, M, Weinling, M, Weatherby, S, Lashley, D, Pace, A, Brown, C, Mucha, A, Shah, A, Baker, J, Marner, M, Westcott, J, Wilmshurst, N, Cowan, R, Chadha, D, Fairweather, M, Walstow, D, Fong, R, Krishnan, M, Thompson Jones, H, Lynda, C, Clements, C, Anjum, T, Sharon, S, Lynne, D, Thomas, L, Tucker, S, Colwill, D, Jones, P, Vasileiadis, E, Parry, A, Mason, C, Holden, M, Petrides, K, Nishiyama, T, Mehta, H, Mumani, S, Johnston, S, Almadenboyle, C, Carson, S, Ross, S, Nair, P, Stirling, M, Tenbruck, E, Broughton, D, Annamalai, A, Wong, J, Tryambake, D, Dixon, L, Skotnicka, A, Thompson, J, Sigsworth, A, Whitehouse, S, Pagan, J, Pusalkar, A, Beadle, H, Chan, K, Dangri, P, Asokanathan, A, Rana, A, Gohil, S, Crabtree, K, Cook, A, Massyn, M, Aruldoss, P, Dabbagh, S, Black, T, Clarke, C, Fennelly, R, Nardone, L, DiMartino, V, Anthony, A, Mead, D, Tribbeck, M, Affley, B, Sunderland, C, Young, E, Goldenberg, L, Khan, A, Wilkinson, P, Abbott, L, Nari, R, Lock, S, Stewart, J, Shakhon, A, Pereira, R, DSouza, M, Dunn, S, Cron, N, Mckenna, A, Sivakumar, R, Cook, S, Wright, A, Ngeh, J, Saksena, R, Ketley-O'Donel, J, Needle, R, Chinery, E, Greenwood, R, Howaniec, L, Watchurst, C, Patel, K, Erande, R, Brezitski, M, Passeron, N, Elliott, E, Oji, N, Austin, D, Banaras, A, Hogan, C, Corbett, T, Shah, R, Kidd, M, Hull, G, Simpson, J, Punekar, S, Nevinson, J, Penney, H, Ward, J, Wareing, W, Hayes, N, Bunworth, K, Connell, L, Mahawish, K, Drummond, G, Sengupta, N, Metiu, M, Gonzalez, C, Margalef, J, Funnell, S, Peters, G, Chadbourn, I, Proeschel, H, Ashcroft, P, Sharpe, S, Cook, P, Jenkinson, D, Kelly, D, Bray, H, Gunathilagan, G, Tilbey, S, Abubakar, S, Cooper, M, Rajapakse, A, Nasar, A, Janbieh, J, Wade, L, Otter, L, Wynter, I, Haigh, S, Boulton, R, Burgoyne, J, Boulton, A, Vassallo, J, Hasan, A, Orrell, L, Qamar, S, Graham, S, Leonard, D, Hewitt, E, Haque, M, Awolesi, J, Bradshaw, E, Kent, A, Duggan, C, Hynes, A, Nurse, E, Raza, S, Pallikona, U, Edwards, B, Morgan, G, Tench, H, Loosley, R, Dennett, K, Trugeon-Smith, T, Robson, D, Rayessa, R, Abdul-Hamid, A, Lowthorpe, V, Mitchelson, K, Clarkson, E, Rhian, H, Fleming, A, Kirthivasan, R, Topliffe, J, Keskeys, R, McNeela, F, Bohannan, E, Cooper, L, Zachariah, G, Cairns, F, James, T, Fergey, L, Smolen, S, Lyle, A, Cannon, E, Omer, S, Mavinamane, S, Meenakshisundaram, S, Ranga, L, Bate, J, Hill, A, Hargreaves, M, Smith, T, Dealing, S, Harrison, L, Amlani, S, Gulli, G, Hawkes-Blackburn, M, Levy, S, Francis, L, Holland, S, Peacocke, A, Amero, J, Burova, M, Speirs, O, Brotheridge, S, Al Hussayni, S, Lyon, H, Hare, C, Jackson, S, Featherstone, J, Bwalya, A, Singh, A, Goorah, M, Walford, J, Bell, A, Kelly, C, Rusk, D, Sutton, D, Patel, F, Duberley, S, Hayes, K, Hunt, L, Ahmed El Nour, E, Dyer, S, Brown, L, Elliott, K, Temlett, E, Paterson, J, Honour, S, Box, C, Young, S, Furness, R, Orugun, E, Crowther, H, Glover, R, Brewer, C, Thornthwaite, S, Sein, M, Haque, K, Bailey, L, Wong, S, Gibson, E, Burton, K, Brookes, L, Rotchell, K, Waltho, K, Lindley, C, Holland, M, Kumar, P, Khan, M, Harlekar, P, Culmsee, C, Booth, L, Drew, J, Ritchie, J, Mackenzie, N, Thomas, C, Barker, J, Haley, M, Cotterill, D, Lane, L, Simmons, D, Warinton, R, Saunders, G, Dymond, H, Kidd, S, Little, C, Neves-Silva, Y, Nevajda, B, Villaruel, M, Patel, S, Umasankar, U, Man, A, Gadi, N, Christmas, N, Ladner, R, Rangasamy, R, Butt, G, Alvares, W, Power, M, Hagan, S, Dynan, K, Wilson, D, Crothers, S, Leonard, C, Wroath, B, Douris, G, Vahidassr, D, Gallen, B, McKenna, S, Thompson, A, Edwards, C, McGoldrick, C, Bhattad, M, Putteril, J, Gallifent, R, Makanju, E, Lepore, M, McRedmond, C, Arundell, L, Goulding, A, Kawafi, K, Jacob, P, Turner, L, Saravanan, N, Johnson, L, Morse, D, Namushi, R, Humphrey, S, McLaughlin, J, Salehin, M, Tinsley, S, Jones, T, Bailey, D, Garcia-Alen, L, Kalathil, L, Miller, R, Gautam, N, Horton, J, Meir, J, Margerum, E, Ritchings, A, Jones, A, Amor, K, Nadarajan, V, Laurence, J, Fung Lo, S, Melander, S, Nicholas, P, Woodford, E, McKenzie, G, Le, V, Crause, J, OMahony, P, Orefo, C, McDonald, C, Osikominu, E, Khan, T, Appiatse, G, Wardale, A, Augustin, M, Stone, H, Luder, R, Bhargava, M, Bhome, G, Johnson, V, Chesser, D, Bridger, H, Murali, E, Scott, J, Morrison, S, Burns, A, Graham, J, Duffy, M, Ali, K, Pitcher, E, Gaylard, J, Newman, J, Punnoose, S, Oakley, S, Murray, V, Bent, C, Walker, R, Purohit, K, Rees, A, Davy, M, Besley, S, Chohan, O, Argandona, L, Cuenoud, L, Hassan, H, Erumere, E, OCallaghan, A, Redjep, O, Auld, G, Gompertz, P, Song, A, Hungwe, R, Kabash, H, Tarkas, T, Livingstone, G, Butler, F, Bradfield, S, Gordon, L, Schmit, J, Wijewardane, A, Medcalf, C, Edmunds, T, Wills, R, Peixoto, C

مصطلحات موضوعية: Communication

الوصف: Objectives Informing research participants of the results of studies in which they took part is viewed as an ethical imperative. However, there is little guidance in the literature about how to do this. The Fluoxetine Or Control Under Supervision trial randomised 3127 patients with a recent acute stroke to 6 months of fluoxetine or placebo and was published in the Lancet on 5 December 2018. The trial team decided to inform the participants of the results at exactly the same time as the Lancet publication, and also whether they had been allocated fluoxetine or placebo. In this report, we describe how we informed participants of the results. Design In the 6-month and 12-month follow-up questionnaires, we invited participants to provide an email address if they wished to be informed of the results of the trial. We re-opened our trial telephone helpline between 5 December 2018 and 31 March 2019. Setting UK stroke services. Participants 3127 participants were randomised. 2847 returned 6-month follow-up forms and 2703 returned 12-month follow-up forms; the remaining participants had died (380), withdrawn consent or did not respond. Results Of those returning follow-up questionnaires, a total of 1845 email addresses were provided and a further 50 people requested results to be sent by post. Results were sent to all email and postal addresses provided; 309 emails were returned unrecognised. Seventeen people replied, of whom three called the helpline and the rest responded by email. Conclusion It is feasible to disseminate results of large trials to research participants, though only around 60% of those randomised wanted to receive the results. The system we developed was efficient and required very little resource, and could be replicated by trialists in the future. Trial registration number ISRCTN83290762 ; Post-results.

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العلاقة: http://bmjopen.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/10/11/e040492Test; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040492Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040492Test
http://bmjopen.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/10/11/e040492Test

المؤلفون: Curtis, Tyrone J, Rodger, Alison J, Burns, Fiona, Nardone, Anthony, Copas, Andrew, Wayal, Sonali

مصطلحات موضوعية: Behaviour

الوصف: Objective London has one of the highest identified prevalence of chemsex (sexualised recreational drug use) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Europe. We examine MSM’s patterns of chemsex and its association with HIV/STI risk behaviours, STI diagnoses and sexual healthcare-seeking behaviours, including if HIV testing behaviour met UK national guidelines (three monthly if engaging in chemsex). Methods Cross-sectional survey data from 2013 (n=905) and 2016 (n=739) were collected using anonymous, self-administered questionnaires from MSM recruited in commercial gay venues in London, UK. Descriptive and multivariable analyses, stratified by self-reported HIV status, were conducted. Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) with 95% CIs were calculated. Results Comparing the 2013 and 2016 surveys, chemsex prevalence in the past year remained stable, in both HIV-negative/unknown-status MSM (20.9% in 2013 vs 18.7% in 2016, p=0.301) and HIV-positive MSM (41.6% in 2013 vs 41.7% in 2016, p=0.992). Combined 2013–2016 data showed that compared with other MSM, those reporting chemsex were more likely to report HIV/STI risk behaviours, including condomless anal intercourse with serodifferent HIV-status partners (HIV-negative/unknown-status men: aPR 2.36, 95% CI 1.68 to 3.30; HIV-positive men: aPR 4.19, 95% CI 1.85 to 9.50), and STI diagnoses in the past year (HIV-negative/unknown-status men: aPR 2.10, 95% CI 1.64 to 2.69; HIV-positive men: aPR 2.56, 95% CI 1.57 to 4.20). 68.6% of HIV-negative/unknown-status men reporting chemsex attended sexual health clinics and 47.6% had tested for HIV more than once in the past year. Conclusions Chemsex in London MSM remained stable but high, particularly among HIV-positive men. Irrespective of HIV status, chemsex was associated with engagement in HIV/STI risk behaviours. Frequency of HIV testing in the past year among HIV-negative/unknown-status men was below national recommendations. Promoting combination prevention strategies, including three monthly HIV/STI testing, access to pre-exposure ...

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العلاقة: http://sti.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/96/3/197Test; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2019-054139Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2019-054139Test
http://sti.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/96/3/197Test

المؤلفون: Smolarchuk, Christa, Mohammed, Hamish, Furegato, Martina, Town, Katy, Fifer, Helen, Wilson, Janet, Nardone, Anthony, Lee, Andrew, Hughes, Gwenda

مصطلحات موضوعية: Epidemiology

الوصف: Objectives To determine if media coverage of an outbreak of high-level azithromycin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae (HL-AziR) impacted online search interest or was temporally associated with health-seeking behaviours in several English cities. Methods A descriptive analysis of outbreak-related online media articles and relative search interest (RSI) using Google and an interrupted time series analysis using routine surveillance data from sexual health clinics (SHCs) in England (GUMCAD STI surveillance system). The main outcomes were adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of weekly attendances, gonorrhoea tests and diagnoses of gonorrhoea or ‘any STI’ in selected cities after media coverage of the outbreak in 2015 and 2016. Results RSI for outbreak-related terms peaked during media coverage in September 2015 with smaller peaks coinciding with subsequent coverage. The greatest increase in RSI was in Leeds, which coincided with a 63% rise (n=1932; IRR 1.26, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.43) in SHC attendances by women. There was only a 7% (n=1358; IRR 1.01, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.11) increase in attendances by men. Modest increases in outcomes occurred in four other cities with a high RSI. There was no evidence of increases in outcomes in cities, other than Leeds, after subsequent media coverage of the outbreak. Conclusions National and local media coverage of the HL-AziR outbreak coincided with peak RSI for related terms, and a transient increase in attendances, gonorrhoea tests and diagnoses of gonorrhoea or ‘any STI’ in some cities with a high RSI. Our analysis demonstrates the potential for media coverage to influence health-seeking behaviours during high-profile STI outbreaks.

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العلاقة: http://sti.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/95/8/594Test; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2019-053986Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2019-053986Test
http://sti.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/95/8/594Test

المؤلفون: White, Ellen, Dunn, David T, Desai, Monica, Gafos, Mitzy, Kirwan, Peter, Sullivan, Ann K, Clarke, Amanda, McCormack, Sheena, PROUD study group, Dolling, David I, McOwan, Alan, Gilson, Richard, Fisher, Martin, Schembri, Gabriel, Mackie, Nicola, Reeves, Iain, Portman, Mags, Saunders, John, Fox, Julie, Bayley, Jake, Brady, Michael, Bowman, Christine, Lacey, Charles J, Taylor, Stephen, White, David, Antonucci, Simone, Gill, Owen N, Nardone, Anthony, Apea, Vanessa, Clark, Drew, Davis, Paul, Hand, James, Hunt, Machel, Neale, Rebecca, O’Connell, Jackie, Portman, Margaret, Sarner, Liat, Terry, Louise, Twumasi, Angelina, Tsui, Salina, Vijeratnam, Dayan, Whyte, Ryan, Williams, Andy, Gately, Sian, Gilleran, Gerry, Lyons, Jill, McCormack, Chris, Moore, Katy, Stretton, Cathy, Acheampong, Alex, Bramley, Michael, Campbell, Marion, Chowdhry, Ruby, Eastwood, Stewart, Fennell, Babs, Hadley, Wendy, Hobbs, Kerry, Kirk, Sarah, Perry, Nicky, Rawlinson, Charlotte, Richardson, Celia, Richardson, Claire, Roche, Mark, Simpkin, Emma, Shaw, Simon, Souto, Elisa, Williams, Julia, Youssef, Elaney, Barber, Tristan, Eliot, Cindy, Fedele, Serge, Higgs, Chris, McCormick, Kathryn, Meijer, Alexandra, Pepper, Sam, Rowlands, Jane, Singh, Gurmit, SolerCarracedo, Alfredo, Sonecha, Sonali, Sullivan, Ann, Taylor, David, Thomas, Lervina, Attakora, Frederick, Bourke, Marina, Castles, Richard, Clark, Rebecca, De-Masi, Anke, Espa, Veronica, Hungwe, Rumbidzai, Lincoln, Martin, Mguni, Sifiso, Nevin-Dolan, Rhianon, Alexander, Hannah, Campbell, Lucy, Candfield, Sophie, Doshi, Shema, Liddle, Olivia, Mulka, Larissa, Saigal, Priyanka, Stevenson, James, Boateng, James, Chappell, Brynn, Currie, Susanna, Davies, Carolyn, Lebari, Dornubari, Phillips, Matthew, Southon, Lisa, Thorpe, Sarah, Vas, Anna, Ward, Chris, Warren, Claire, Yau, Stephanie, Arenas-Pinto, Alejandro, Ashraf, Asma, Bolton, Matthew, Haddow, Lewis, McNamara, Sara, Milinkovic, Ana, Minton, June, Morris, Dianne, Oakland, Clare, O’Farrell, Steve, Pellegrino, Pierre, Pett, Sarah, Vora, Nina, Young, Carmel, Zarko-Flynn, Taris, Ayap, Wilbert, Chen, Ling Jun, Croucher, Adam, Fidler, Sarah, Kuldanek, Kristin, Legg, Ken, Leon, Agathe, Naous, Nadia, Quinn, Killian, Rey, Severine, Zhou, Judith, Bevan, Margaret-Anne, Francia, Nina, Hamlyn, Eleanor, Hurley, Lisa, Iveson, Helen, Jendrulek, Isabelle, Murray, Tammy, Sharp, Alice, Skingsley, Andrew, Tam, Chi Kai, Al Teague, Caroline Thomas, Tiraboschi, Juan-Manuel, Brewer, Christine, Evans, Richard, Gravely, Jan, Lacey, Charles, Lamont, Gary, Martin, Fabiola, Morris, Georgina, Russell-Sharpe, Sarah, Wightman, John, Bains, Anthony, Bell, Gill, Cox, Terry, Dewsnap, Claire, Hughes, Charlie, Loftus, Hannah, Sutton, Naomi, Talbot, Debbie, Tucker, Vince, Banbury, Sarah, Brodnicki, Elizabeth, Chung, Christina, Fairbrother, Keith, Gabriel, Michelle, Khan, Sajad, Khan, Shabana, Mauger, Brendan, Sancha, Gemma, South, Annabelle, Sowunmi, Yinka, Spencer, Susan, Rae, Caroline, Rayment, Michael, Nutland, Will, Wayal, Sonali, Desai, Sarika, Field, Nigel, Gill, Noel, Hyland, Kate, Seyan, Parnam, Clarke, Rich, Rooney, Jim

مصطلحات موضوعية: Epidemiology

الوصف: Objectives Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a highly effective method of HIV prevention for men who have sex with men (MSM). However, uncertainty remains around the optimal eligibility criteria for PrEP, specifically whether there are subgroups at low risk of HIV for whom PrEP might not be warranted. Methods PROUD was an open-label waitlist trial design that randomised MSM attending participating sexual health centres in England to receive PrEP immediately (IMM) or after a deferral period of 1 year (DEF). This analysis is based on participants who were randomised to the deferred arm, when they did not have access to PrEP. HIV incidence was compared between subgroups defined by baseline characteristics. Results Overall, 21 participants acquired HIV infection over 239.3 person-years (PY) follow-up, yielding an incidence rate of 8.8/100 PY (95% CI 5.4 to 13.4). Two highly significant predictors for HIV acquisition were identified. Men with a self-reported diagnosis of syphilis, rectal chlamydia (CT) or rectal gonorrhoea (GC) in the previous 12 months had an incidence of 17.2/100 PY (95% CI 9.7 to 28.5); those reporting receptive anal intercourse without a condom (ncRAI) with two or more partners in the previous 3 months had an incidence of 13.6/100 PY (95% CI 7.9 to 21.7). The incidence rate among participants lacking both of these risk factors was 1.1/100 PY (1/87.6, 95% CI 0.03 to 6.4). Conclusions The high HIV incidence in PROUD suggests that most participants appropriately judged their need for PrEP. Eligibility criteria for a PrEP programme can therefore be broad, as in the current guidelines. However, a recent history of syphilis or rectal CT/GC, or multiple ncRAI partners indicates a high imminent risk of HIV infection. MSM with any of these characteristics should be offered PrEP as a matter of urgency.

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العلاقة: http://sti.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/95/6/449Test; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2018-053808Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2018-053808Test
http://sti.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/95/6/449Test

المؤلفون: Coyle, Rachel Margaret, Lampe, Fiona C, Miltz, Ada Rose, Sewell, Janey, Anderson, Jane, Apea, Vanessa, Collins, Simon, Dhairyawan, Rageshri, Johnson, Anne M, Lascar, Monica, Mann, Sue, O'Connell, Rebecca, Sherr, Lorraine, Speakman, Andrew, Tang, Alan, Phillips, Andrew N, Rodger, Alison, on behalf of the AURAH Study Group, Gilson, Richard J, Asboe, David, Nwokolo, Nneka C, Clarke, Amanda, Gompels, Mark M, Allan, Sris, Scott, Christopher, Day, Sara, Fisher, Martin, Farazmand, Paymaneh, Mann, Susan, Dhar, Jyoti, Ivens, Daniel R, Sadiq, Tariq, Hart, Graham J, Miners, Alec, Elford, Jonathan, Perry, Nicky, Brady, Michael, Obeyesekera, Sharmin, Saunders, John, Taylor, Stephen, Gilleran, Gerry, Stretton, Cathy, Youssef, Elaney, Richardson, Celia, Kerr, Louise, Roche, Mark, Stacey, David, Kirk, Sarah, Gompels, Mark, Jennings, Louise, Holder, Caroline, Baker, Katie-Anne, Robinson, Matthew, Street, Emma, Shomoye, Abayomi, Nwokolo, Nneka, Ogilvy, Ali, Mguni, Sfiso, Clark, Rebecca, Sajani, Cynthia, Espa, Veronica, Ladd, Sarah, Syred, Jonathan, Hamza, Lisa, Campbell, Lucy, Wandolo, Emily, Alagarajah, Janagan, Mashonganyika, Linda, Batham, Sally, Gilson, Richard, Trombin, Rita, Milinkovic, Ana, Oakland, Clare, Makoka, Nyasha, Wilson, Ruth, Green, Elizabeth, O'Connor, Sheila, Kempster, Sarah, Keating-Fedders, Katie, Ivens, Daniel, Tyrrell, Nicola, Rogers, Jemima, Belmondo, Silvia, Sohal, Manjit, Majewska, Wendy, Patterson, Anne, Okolo, Olanike, Cox, David, Tarik, Mariam, Jackson, Charlotte, Honigsbaum, Jeanette, Boggon, Clare, Ghosh, Simone, Kelly, Bernard, Aroney, Renee, Hand, James, Phiri, Elias, Maseko, Zandile, Partridge, Nick, Orton, Kay, Nardone, Anthony, Sullivan, Ann

مصطلحات موضوعية: Behaviour

الوصف: Objective To assess the association of symptoms of depression and anxiety with sexual risk behaviour and history, among women and heterosexual men attending genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics. Methods Attitudes to and Understanding of Risk of Acquisition of HIV (AURAH) was a cross-sectional, self-administered questionnaire study recruited from 20 GUM clinics in England, 2013–2014. This analysis included women and heterosexual men. The prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms was assessed. Modified Poisson regression was used to produce adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) for the association of t demographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle factors with depression and anxiety, adjusted for gender, age, ethnicity, education level and study region. Among individuals reporting sex in the past 3 months, associations of depression and anxiety with sexual risk behaviour and history were assessed separately by gender, adjusted for age, ethnicity, study region, education and relationship status. Results Questionnaires were completed by 676 women and 470 heterosexual men. Depression symptoms were reported by 100 (14.8%) women and 33 men (7.0%). Anxiety symptoms were reported by 79 women (11.7%) and 21 men (4.5%). Among women reporting recent sex, those with depression symptoms were more likely to report condomless sex with a non-regular partner, aPR 1.38 (1.07–1.77) and recent condomless sex with two or more partners, 1.80 (1.25–2.59). Women with anxiety symptoms more likely to report recent condomless sex with two or more partners, 1.68 (1.13–2.50), low self-efficacy for condom use, 1.54 (1.02–2.31) and STI diagnosis in the last year 1.51 (1.04–2.20). Among heterosexual men reporting recent sex, depression and anxiety symptoms were associated with low self-efficacy with condom use, 2.32 (1.29–4.19) for depression and 2.23 (1.26–3.94) for anxiety, but not with measures of condomless sex. Discussion The associations between psychological symptoms and sexual risk behaviours highlight the importance of holistic assessment of ...

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العلاقة: http://sti.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/95/4/254Test; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2018-053689Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2018-053689Test
http://sti.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/95/4/254Test

المؤلفون: Thwaites, Annette, Logan, Louise, Nardone, Anthony, Mann, Sue

مصطلحات موضوعية: Research

الوصف: Introduction Postpartum women are at risk of rapid repeat, unplanned pregnancy with associated adverse outcomes for mother and child. We aimed to better understand their contraceptive needs to improve delivery of services and prevent unplanned pregnancies. Methods A cross-sectional survey of women on the postnatal ward of an inner-city hospital was administered over a 6-week period in June and July 2017 to determine their level of knowledge, intentions and preferences regarding postnatal contraception. Results 272 women were surveyed: 86% of all women on the postnatal ward during the study period. 10% (26/272) had never used any method of contraception previously and 22% (59/272) had ever used a long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) method. 18% (48/272) recalled a health professional speaking to them about contraception at any point during their pregnancy and 32% (87/272) said they needed more information to decide on their postnatal contraceptive method. 54% (147/272) of women did not think any LARC methods were safe immediately postnatally, rising to 71% (194/272) if breastfeeding. However, 47% (129/272) of women said that they would prefer to get their contraception from the ward before discharge and 46% (126/272) were likely to accept LARC, if safe, in this setting. Conclusions Almost half the women in our survey would welcome provision of postnatal contraception, including LARC, on the postnatal ward but the women surveyed currently lack the knowledge to make informed choices in this setting. There is therefore a need for effective, tailored contraceptive choices discussions with every woman during pregnancy, as well as integrated planning for postnatal provision of the woman’s chosen method.

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العلاقة: http://jfprhc.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/45/2/111Test; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsrh-2018-200078Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsrh-2018-200078Test
http://jfprhc.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/45/2/111Test

المؤلفون: Brigo, Francesco, Ragnedda, Giammario, Canu, Piera, Nardone, Raffaele

مصطلحات موضوعية: Neurological sign

الوصف: We describe a patient with pseudoradial nerve palsy caused by acute ischaemic stroke (‘cortical hand’) to emphasise how preserved synkinetic wrist extension following fist closure can distinguish this from peripheral causes of wrist drop.

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العلاقة: http://pn.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/18/6/520Test; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/practneurol-2018-001971Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1136/practneurol-2018-001971Test
http://pn.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/18/6/520Test

المؤلفون: St.Helen, Gideon, Jacob III, Peyton, Nardone, Natalie, Benowitz, Neal L

مصطلحات موضوعية: Research paper

الوصف: Background New electronic heated tobacco products are being introduced in the global market and are gaining popularity. In 2016, Philip Morris International, Inc. (PMI) submitted a modified risk tobacco product (MRTP) application to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to market IQOS in the USA with claims of reduced exposure and reduced risk. Methods We examined PMI’s MRTP application, specifically sections on aerosol chemistry and human exposure assessment, to assess the validity of PMI’s claims of reduced exposure and risk. Findings PMI reported levels for only 40 of 93 harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) on FDA’s HPHC list in IQOS mainstream aerosol. All substances in PMI’s list of 58 constituents (PMI-58) were lower in IQOS emissions compared with mainstream smoke of 3R4F reference cigarettes. However, levels of 56 other constituents, which are not included in the PMI-58 list or FDA’s list of HPHCs, were higher in IQOS emissions; 22 were >200% higher and seven were >1000% higher than in 3R4F reference cigarette smoke. PMI’s studies also show significantly lower systemic exposure to some HPHCs from use of IQOS compared with smoking combustible cigarettes. Conclusion PMI’s data appear to support PMI’s claim that IQOS reduces exposure to HPHCs. However, PMI’s data also show significantly higher levels of several substances that are not recognised as HPHCs by the FDA in IQOS emissions compared with combustible cigarette smoke. The impact of these substances on the overall toxicity or harm of IQOS is not known.

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العلاقة: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/27/Suppl_1/s30Test; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054321Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054321Test
http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/27/Suppl_1/s30Test

المؤلفون: Pacek, Lauren R, Joseph McClernon, F, Denlinger-Apte, Rachel L, Mercincavage, Melissa, Strasser, Andrew A, Dermody, Sarah S, Vandrey, Ryan, Smith, Tracy T, Nardone, Natalie, Hatsukami, Dorothy K, Koopmeiners, Joseph S, Kozink, Rachel V, Donny, Eric C

مصطلحات موضوعية: Research paper

الوصف: Background Reducing cigarette nicotine content may reduce smoking. Studies suggest that smokers believe that nicotine plays a role in smoking-related morbidity. This may lead smokers to assume that reduced nicotine means reduced risk, and attenuate potential positive effects on smoking behaviour. Methods Data came from a multisite randomised trial in which smokers were assigned to use cigarettes varying in nicotine content for 6 weeks. We evaluated associations between perceived and actual nicotine content with perceived health risks using linear regression, and associations between perceived nicotine content and perceived health risks with smoking outcomes using linear and logistic regression. Findings Perceived—not actual—nicotine content was associated with perceived health risks; compared with those perceiving very low nicotine, individuals who perceived low ( β =0.72, 95% CI 0.26 to 1.17), moderate ( β =1.02, 95% CI 0.51 to 1.53) or high/very high nicotine ( β =1.66, 95% CI 0.87 to 2.44) perceived greater health risks. Nevertheless, individuals perceiving low (OR=0.48, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.71) or moderate nicotine (OR=0.42, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.66) were less likely than those perceiving very low nicotine to report that they would quit within 1 year if only investigational cigarettes were available. Lower perceived risk of developing other cancers and heart disease was also associated with fewer cigarettes/day at week 6. Conclusions Although the perception of reduced nicotine is associated with a reduction in perceived harm, it may not attenuate the anticipated beneficial effects on smoking behaviour. These findings have implications for potential product standards targeting nicotine and highlight the need to clarify the persistent harms of reduced nicotine combusted tobacco products.

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العلاقة: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/27/4/420Test; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053689Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053689Test
http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/27/4/420Test