يعرض 1 - 2 نتائج من 2 نتيجة بحث عن '"Tick borne"', وقت الاستعلام: 0.87s تنقيح النتائج
  1. 1
    دورية أكاديمية

    المصدر: GMS German Medical Science; VOL: 18; DOC03 /20200227/

    العلاقة: Abbott A. Lyme disease: uphill struggle. Nature. 2006 Feb;439(7076):524-5. DOI:10.1038/439524a; Asch ES, Bujak DI, Weiss M, Peterson MG, Weinstein A. Lyme disease: an infectious and postinfectious syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1994 Mar;21(3):454-61.; Aucott JN, Crowder LA, Kortte KB. Development of a foundation for a case definition of post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome. Int J Infect Dis. 2013 Jun;17(6):e443-9. DOI:10.1016/j.ijid.2013.01.008; Aucott JN, Rebman AW, Crowder LA, Kortte KB. Post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome symptomatology and the impact on life functioning: is there something here? Qual Life Res. 2013 Feb;22(1):75-84. DOI:10.1007/s11136-012-0126-6; Back T, Grünig S, Winter Y, Bodechtel U, Guthke K, Khati D, von Kummer R. Neuroborreliosis-associated cerebral vasculitis: long-term outcome and health-related quality of life. J Neurol. 2013 Jun;260(6):1569-75. DOI:10.1007/s00415-013-6831-4; Baig S, Olsson T, Hansen K, Link H. Anti-Borrelia burgdorferi antibody response over the course of Lyme neuroborreliosis. Infect Immun. 1991 Mar;59(3):1050-6.; Baker PJ. The pain of "chronic Lyme disease": moving the discourse in a different direction. FASEB J. 2012 Jan;26(1):11-2. DOI:10.1096/fj.11-192898; Barrett PN, Portsmouth D. A novel multivalent OspA vaccine against Lyme borreliosis shows promise in Phase I/II studies. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2013 Sep;12(9):973-5. DOI:10.1586/14760584.2013.824704; Benedetti F. Placebo effects: from the neurobiological paradigm to translational implications. Neuron. 2014 Nov;84(3):623-37. DOI:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.10.023; Benke T, Gasse T, Hittmair-Delazer M, Schmutzhard E. Lyme encephalopathy: long-term neuropsychological deficits years after acute neuroborreliosis. Acta Neurol Scand. 1995 May;91(5):353-7.; Bensch J, Olcén P, Hagberg L. Destructive chronic borrelia meningoencephalitis in a child untreated for 15 years. Scand J Infect Dis. 1987;19(6):697-700. DOI:10.3109/00365548709117207; Berglund J, Eitrem R, Ornstein K, Lindberg A, Ringér A, Elmrud H, Carlsson M, Runehagen A, Svanborg C, Norrby R. An epidemiologic study of Lyme disease in southern Sweden. N Engl J Med. 1995 Nov;333(20):1319-27. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199511163332004; Berglund J, Stjernberg L, Ornstein K, Tykesson-Joelsson K, Walter H. 5-y Follow-up study of patients with neuroborreliosis. Scand J Infect Dis. 2002;34(6):421-5. DOI:10.1080/00365540110080421; Blanc F, Jaulhac B, Fleury M, de Seze J, de Martino SJ, Remy V, Blaison G, Hansmann Y, Christmann D, Tranchant C. Relevance of the antibody index to diagnose Lyme neuroborreliosis among seropositive patients. Neurology. 2007 Sep;69(10):953-8. DOI:10.1212/01.wnl.0000269672.17807.e0; Bockenstedt LK, Radolf JD. Xenodiagnosis for posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome: resolving the conundrum or adding to it? Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Apr;58(7):946-8. DOI:10.1093/cid/cit942; Borchers AT, Keen CL, Huntley AC, Gershwin ME. Lyme disease: a rigorous review of diagnostic criteria and treatment. J Autoimmun. 2015 Feb;57:82-115. DOI:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.09.004; Borg R, Dotevall L, Hagberg L, Maraspin V, Lotric-Furlan S, Cimperman J, Strle F. Intravenous ceftriaxone compared with oral doxycycline for the treatment of Lyme neuroborreliosis. Scand J Infect Dis. 2005;37(6-7):449-54.; Borgermans L, Goderis G, Vandevoorde J, Devroey D. Relevance of chronic lyme disease to family medicine as a complex multidimensional chronic disease construct: a systematic review. Int J Family Med. 2014;2014:138016. DOI:10.1155/2014/138016; Bremell D, Dotevall L. Oral doxycycline for Lyme neuroborreliosis with symptoms of encephalitis, myelitis, vasculitis or intracranial hypertension. Eur J Neurol. 2014 Sep;21(9):1162-7. DOI:10.1111/ene.12420; Bujak DI, Weinstein A, Dornbush RL. Clinical and neurocognitive features of the post Lyme syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1996 Aug;23(8):1392-7.; Cairns V, Godwin J. Post-Lyme borreliosis syndrome: a meta-analysis of reported symptoms. Int J Epidemiol. 2005 Dec;34(6):1340-5. DOI:10.1093/ije/dyi129; Cameron D, Gaito A, Harris N, Bach G, Bellovin S, Bock K, Bock S, Burrascano J, Dickey C, Horowitz R, Phillips S, Meer-Scherrer L, Raxlen B, Sherr V, Smith H, Smith P, Stricker R; ILADS Working Group. Evidence-based guidelines for the management of Lyme disease. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2004;2(1 Suppl):S1-13. DOI:10.1586/14789072.2.1.S1; Cameron DJ. Proof that chronic lyme disease exists. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2010;2010:876450. DOI:10.1155/2010/876450; Cameron DJ, Johnson LB, Maloney EL. Evidence assessments and guideline recommendations in Lyme disease: the clinical management of known tick bites, erythema migrans rashes and persistent disease. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2014 Sep;12(9):1103-35. DOI:10.1586/14787210.2014.940900; Cerar D, Cerar T, Ruzic-Sabljic E, Wormser GP, Strle F. Subjective symptoms after treatment of early Lyme disease. Am J Med. 2010 Jan;123(1):79-86. DOI:10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.05.011; Chandra AM, Keilp JG, Fallon BA. Correlates of perceived health-related quality of life in post-treatment Lyme encephalopathy. Psychosomatics. 2013 Nov-Dec;54(6):552-9. DOI:10.1016/j.psym.2013.04.003; Christen HJ, Hanefeld F, Eiffert H, Thomssen R. Epidemiology and clinical manifestations of Lyme borreliosis in childhood. A prospective multicentre study with special regard to neuroborreliosis. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1993 Feb;386:1-75. DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1993.tb18082.x; Christen HJ. Lyme neuroborreliosis in children. Ann Med. 1996 Jun;28(3):235-40. DOI:10.3109/07853899609033125; Coumou J, Herkes EA, Brouwer MC, van de Beek D, Tas SW, Casteelen G, van Vugt M, Starink MV, de Vries HJ, de Wever B, Spanjaard L, Hovius JW. Ticking the right boxes: classification of patients suspected of Lyme borreliosis at an academic referral center in the Netherlands. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015 Apr;21(4):368.e11-20. DOI:10.1016/j.cmi.2014.11.014; Crippa M, Rais O, Gern L. Investigations on the mode and dynamics of transmission and infectivity of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and Borrelia afzelii in Ixodes ricinus ticks. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2002;2(1):3-9. DOI:10.1089/153036602760260724; Császár T, Patakfalvi A. Differenciáldiagnosztikai problémák Lyme-kórban (Borrelia fertözés okozta akut exogen reakciós típusú psychosis) [Differential diagnostic problems in Lyme disease (Borrelia infection resulting in acute exogenous psychosis)]. Orv Hetil. 1994 Oct;135(41):2269-71.; Dattwyler RJ, Volkman DJ, Luft BJ, Halperin JJ, Thomas J, Golightly MG. Seronegative Lyme disease. Dissociation of specific T- and B-lymphocyte responses to Borrelia burgdorferi. N Engl J Med. 1988 Dec;319(22):1441-6. DOI:10.1056/NEJM198812013192203; Dehnert M, Fingerle V, Klier C, Talaska T, Schlaud M, Krause G, Wilking H, Poggensee G. Seropositivity of Lyme borreliosis and associated risk factors: a population-based study in children and adolescents in Germany (KiGGS). PLoS ONE. 2012;7(8):e41321. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0041321; Dersch R, Hottenrott T, Senel M, Lehmensiek V, Tumani H, Rauer S, Stich O. The chemokine CXCL13 is elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neurosyphilis. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2015 May;12:12. DOI:10.1186/s12987-015-0008-8; Dersch R, Sarnes AA, Maul M, Hottenrott T, Baumgartner A, Rauer S, Stich O. Quality of life, fatigue, depression and cognitive impairment in Lyme neuroborreliosis. J Neurol. 2015 Nov;262(11):2572-7. DOI:10.1007/s00415-015-7891-4; Dersch R, Hottenrott T, Schmidt S, Sommer H, Huppertz HI, Rauer S, Meerpohl JJ. Efficacy and safety of pharmacological treatments for Lyme neuroborreliosis in children: a systematic review. BMC Neurol. 2016 Sep;16(1):189. DOI:10.1186/s12883-016-0708-y; Dersch R, Sommer H, Rauer S, Meerpohl JJ. Prevalence and spectrum of residual symptoms in Lyme neuroborreliosis after pharmacological treatment: a systematic review. J Neurol. 2016 Jan;263(1):17-24. DOI:10.1007/s00415-015-7923-0; Dersch R, Freitag MH, Schmidt S, Sommer H, Rauer S, Meerpohl JJ. Efficacy and safety of pharmacological treatments for acute Lyme neuroborreliosis - a systematic review. Eur J Neurol. 2015 Sep;22(9):1249-59. DOI:10.1111/ene.12744; Dersch R, Freitag MH, Schmidt S, Sommer H, Rücker G, Rauer S, Meerpohl JJ. Efficacy and safety of pharmacological treatments for neuroborreliosis - protocol for a systematic review. Syst Rev. 2014 Oct;3:117. DOI:10.1186/2046-4053-3-117; Dessau RB, Fingerle V, Gray J, Hunfeld KP, Jaulhac B, Kahl O, Kristoferitsch W, Stanek G, Strle F. The lymphocyte transformation test for the diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis has currently not been shown to be clinically useful. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014 Oct;20(10):O786-7. DOI:10.1111/1469-0691.12583; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allgemeinmedizin und Familienmedizin. S1 Leitlinie Chronischer Schmerz. AWMF Register No. 053-036. Berlin: AWMF; 2013. Available from: https://www.awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/053-036l_S1_Chronischer_Schmerz_2013-10-abgelaufen.pdfTest; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allgemeinmedizin und Familienmedizin. S3 Leitlinie Müdigkeit. AWMF Register No. 053-002. Berlin: AWMF; 2017. Available from: https://www.awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/053-002m_S3_Muedigkeit_2018-05.pdfTest; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Dermatologie. S2k Leitlinie Kutane Lyme Borreliose. AWMF-Register No. 013-044. Berlin: AWMF; 2016. Available from: https://www.awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/013-044l_S2k_Kutane_Lyme_Borreliose_2016-05.pdfTest; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie. S1 Leitlinie Zerebrale Vaskulitis und zerebrale Beteiligung bei systemischen Vaskulitiden und rheumatischen Grunderkrankungen. AWMF Register No. 030-085. Berlin: AWMF; 2018. Available from: https://www.awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/030-085l_S1_Zerebrale_Vaskulitis_2018-5.pdfTest; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie. S3 Leitlinie Neuroborreliose. AWMF Register No. 030-071; Berlin: AWMF; 2018. (Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment in Neurology). Available from: https://www.dgn.org/leitlinien/3567-ll-030-071-2018-neuroborrelioseTest; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie. S2e Leitlinie Diagnostik und Therapie von Gedächtnisstörungen. AWMF Register No. 030-124. Berlin: AWMF; forthcoming 2020.; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie. S1 Leitlinie Neuroborreliose. AWMF Register No. 030-071. Berlin: AWMF; 2012.; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik und Nervenheilkunde; Bundesärztekammer; Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung; Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften. S3 Leitlinie/Nationale Versorgungsleitlinie Unipolare Depression. AWMF Register No. nvl-005. Berlin: AWMF; 2015. Available from: https://www.awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/nvl-005l_S3_Unipolare_Depression_2017-05.pdfTest; Deutsche Schmerzgesellschaft. S3 Leitlinie Fibromyalgiesyndrom. AWMF Register No. 041-004. Berlin: AWMF; 2012.; Deutsches Kollegium für Psychosomatische Medizin; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychosomatische Medizin und Ärztliche Psychotherapie. S3 Leitlinie Funktionelle Körperbeschwerden. AWMF Register No. 051-001. Berlin: AWMF; 2018. Available from: https://www.awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/051-001l_S3_Funktionelle_Koerperbeschwerden_2018-11.pdfTest; Djukic M, Schmidt-Samoa C, Nau R, von Steinbüchel N, Eiffert H, Schmidt H. The diagnostic spectrum in patients with suspected chronic Lyme neuroborreliosis - the experience from one year of a university hospital's Lyme neuroborreliosis outpatients clinic. Eur J Neurol. 2011 Apr;18(4):547-55. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03229.x; Djukic M, Schmidt-Samoa C, Lange P, Spreer A, Neubieser K, Eiffert H, Nau R, Schmidt H. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in adults with acute Lyme neuroborreliosis. J Neurol. 2012 Apr;259(4):630-6. DOI:10.1007/s00415-011-6221-8; Dotevall L, Hagberg L. Successful oral doxycycline treatment of Lyme disease-associated facial palsy and meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 1999 Mar;28(3):569-74. DOI:10.1086/515145; Drack FD, Weissert M. Outcome of peripheral facial palsy in children - a catamnestic study. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2013 Mar;17(2):185-91. DOI:10.1016/j.ejpn.2012.09.003; Eiffert H, Hanefeld F, Thomssen R, Christen HJ. Reinfection in Lyme borreliosis. Infection. 1996 Nov-Dec;24(6):437-9.; Eikeland R, Mygland A, Herlofson K, Ljøstad U. European neuroborreliosis: quality of life 30 months after treatment. Acta Neurol Scand. 2011 Nov;124(5):349-54. DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01482.x; Eikeland R, Mygland Å, Herlofson K, Ljøstad U. Risk factors for a non-favorable outcome after treated European neuroborreliosis. Acta Neurol Scand. 2013 Mar;127(3):154-60. DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2012.01690.x; Eikeland R, Ljøstad U, Mygland A, Herlofson K, Løhaugen GC. European neuroborreliosis: neuropsychological findings 30 months post-treatment. Eur J Neurol. 2012 Mar;19(3):480-7. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03563.x; Elkins LE, Pollina DA, Scheffer SR, Krupp LB. Psychological states and neuropsychological performances in chronic Lyme disease. Appl Neuropsychol. 1999;6(1):19-26. DOI:10.1207/s15324826an0601_3; Fahrer H, Sauvain MJ, Zhioua E, Van Hoecke C, Gern LE. Longterm survey (7 years) in a population at risk for Lyme borreliosis: what happens to the seropositive individuals? Eur J Epidemiol. 1998 Feb;14(2):117-23. DOI:10.1023/A:1007404620701; Fallon BA, Keilp JG, Corbera KM, Petkova E, Britton CB, Dwyer E, Slavov I, Cheng J, Dobkin J, Nelson DR, Sackeim HA. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of repeated IV antibiotic therapy for Lyme encephalopathy. Neurology. 2008 Mar;70(13):992-1003. DOI:10.1212/01.WNL.0000284604.61160.2d; Farhad K, Traub R, Ruzhansky KM, Brannagan TH 3rd. Causes of neuropathy in patients referred as "idiopathic neuropathy". Muscle Nerve. 2016 Jun;53(6):856-61. DOI:10.1002/mus.24969; Feder HM Jr, Johnson BJ, O'Connell S, Shapiro ED, Steere AC, Wormser GP; Ad Hoc International Lyme Disease Group, Agger WA, Artsob H, Auwaerter P, Dumler JS, Bakken JS, Bockenstedt LK, Green J, Dattwyler RJ, Munoz J, Nadelman RB, Schwartz I, Draper T, McSweegan E, Halperin JJ, Klempner MS, Krause PJ, Mead P, Morshed M, Porwancher R, Radolf JD, Smith RP Jr, Sood S, Weinstein A, Wong SJ, Zemel L. A critical appraisal of "chronic Lyme disease". N Engl J Med. 2007 Oct;357(14):1422-30. DOI:10.1056/NEJMra072023; Fingerle V, Goodman JL, Johnson RC, Kurtti TJ, Munderloh UG, Wilske B. Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in southern Germany: increased seroprevalence in high-risk groups. J Clin Microbiol. 1997 Dec;35(12):3244-7.; Fingerle V, Eiffert H, Gessner A, Göbel U, Hofmann H, Hunfeld KP, Krause A, Pfister HW, Reischl U, Sing A, Stanek G, Wilske B, Zöller L. Lyme Borreliose. 2. Auflage. München: Urban & Fischer; 2017. (MiQ - Qualitätsstandards in der mikrobiologisch-infektiologischen Untersuchung).; Fingerle V, Schulte-Spechtel UC, Ruzic-Sabljic E, Leonhard S, Hofmann H, Weber K, Pfister K, Strle F, Wilske B. Epidemiological aspects and molecular characterization of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. from southern Germany with special respect to the new species Borrelia spielmanii sp. nov. Int J Med Microbiol. 2008 Apr;298(3-4):279-90. DOI:10.1016/j.ijmm.2007.05.002; Gaudino EA, Coyle PK, Krupp LB. Post-Lyme syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome. Neuropsychiatric similarities and differences. Arch Neurol. 1997 Nov;54(11):1372-6. DOI:10.1001/archneur.1997.00550230045015; Gern L. Life cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and transmission to humans. Curr Probl Dermatol. 2009;37:18-30. DOI:10.1159/000213068; Goettner G, Schulte-Spechtel U, Hillermann R, Liegl G, Wilske B, Fingerle V. Improvement of Lyme borreliosis serodiagnosis by a newly developed recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM line immunoblot assay and addition of VlsE and DbpA homologues. J Clin Microbiol. 2005 Aug;43(8):3602-9. DOI:10.1128/JCM.43.8.3602-3609.2005; Halperin J, Luft BJ, Volkman DJ, Dattwyler RJ. Lyme neuroborreliosis. Peripheral nervous system manifestations. Brain. 1990 Aug;113 (Pt 4):1207-21. DOI:10.1093/brain/113.4.1207; Halperin JJ. Lyme disease: neurology, neurobiology, and behavior. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 May;58(9):1267-72. DOI:10.1093/cid/ciu106; Halperin JJ, Logigian EL, Finkel MF, Pearl RA. Practice parameters for the diagnosis of patients with nervous system Lyme borreliosis (Lyme disease). Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 1996 Mar;46(3):619-27. DOI:10.1212/WNL.46.3.619; Halperin JJ. Chronic Lyme disease: misconceptions and challenges for patient management. Infect Drug Resist. 2015;8:119-28. DOI:10.2147/IDR.S66739; Halperin JJ. Nervous system Lyme disease. Handb Clin Neurol. 2014;121:1473-83. DOI:10.1016/B978-0-7020-4088-7.00099-7; Halperin JJ, Krupp LB, Golightly MG, Volkman DJ. Lyme borreliosis-associated encephalopathy. Neurology. 1990 Sep;40(9):1340-3. DOI:10.1212/wnl.40.9.1340; Halperin JJ. Nervous system Lyme disease. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2015 Jun;29(2):241-53. DOI:10.1016/j.idc.2015.02.002; Halperin JJ. Nervous system Lyme disease, chronic Lyme disease, and none of the above. Acta Neurol Belg. 2016 Mar;116(1):1-6. DOI:10.1007/s13760-015-0541-x; Halperin JJ, Shapiro ED, Logigian E, Belman AL, Dotevall L, Wormser GP, Krupp L, Gronseth G, Bever CT Jr; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter: treatment of nervous system Lyme disease (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2007 Jul;69(1):91-102. DOI:10.1212/01.wnl.0000265517.66976.28; Halperin JJ, Pass HL, Anand AK, Luft BJ, Volkman DJ, Dattwyler RJ. Nervous system abnormalities in Lyme disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1988;539:24-34. DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb31835.x; Hammers-Berggren S, Hansen K, Lebech AM, Karlsson M. Borrelia burgdorferi-specific intrathecal antibody production in neuroborreliosis: a follow-up study. Neurology. 1993 Jan;43(1):169-75. DOI:10.1212/wnl.43.1_part_1.169; Hammers-Berggren S, Lebech AM, Karlsson M, Svenungsson B, Hansen K, Stiernstedt G. Serological follow-up after treatment of patients with erythema migrans and neuroborreliosis. J Clin Microbiol. 1994 Jun;32(6):1519-25.; Hansen K, Lebech AM. Lyme neuroborreliosis: a new sensitive diagnostic assay for intrathecal synthesis of Borrelia burgdorferi-specific immunoglobulin G, A, and M. Ann Neurol. 1991 Aug;30(2):197-205. DOI:10.1002/ana.410300212; Hansen K, Lebech AM. The clinical and epidemiological profile of Lyme neuroborreliosis in Denmark 1985-1990. A prospective study of 187 patients with Borrelia burgdorferi specific intrathecal antibody production. Brain. 1992 Apr;115(Pt 2):399-423. DOI:10.1093/brain/115.2.399; Hartmann F, Müller-Marienburg H. Indirekter Neurotoxinnachweis durch den "Visual Contrast Sensitivity"-Test bei Patienten mit einer chronischen Borreliose. Med Welt. 2003;54(9):248-51.; Hassett AL, Radvanski DC, Buyske S, Savage SV, Sigal LH. Psychiatric comorbidity and other psychological factors in patients with "chronic Lyme disease". Am J Med. 2009 Sep;122(9):843-50. DOI:10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.02.022; Hassler D, Zöller L, Haude M, Hufnagel HD, Sonntag HG. Lyme-Borreliose in einem europäischen Endemiegebiet. Antikörperprävalenz und klinisches Spektrum [Lyme borreliosis in an endemic region in Europe. Prevalence of antibodies and clinical spectrum]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1992 May;117(20):767-74. DOI:10.1055/s-2008-1062374; Hassler D, Zöller L, Haude M, Hufnagel HD, Heinrich F, Sonntag HG. Cefotaxime versus penicillin in the late stage of Lyme disease - prospective, randomized therapeutic study. Infection. 1990 Jan-Feb;18(1):16-20. DOI:10.1007/BF01644175; Hauser U, Lehnert G, Lobentanzer R, Wilske B. Interpretation criteria for standardized Western blots for three European species of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. J Clin Microbiol. 1997 Jun;35(6):1433-44.; Hauser U, Lehnert G, Wilske B. Validity of interpretation criteria for standardized Western blots (immunoblots) for serodiagnosis of Lyme borreliosis based on sera collected throughout Europe. J Clin Microbiol. 1999 Jul;37(7):2241-7.; Heininger U, Zimmermann T, Schoerner C, Brade V, Stehr K. Zeckenstich und Lyme-Borreliose. Eine epidemiologische Untersuchung im Raum Erlangen [Tick bite and Lyme borreliosis. An epidemiologic study in the Erlangen area]. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd. 1993 Nov;141(11):874-7.; Heinrich A, Khaw AV, Ahrens N, Kirsch M, Dressel A. Cerebral vasculitis as the only manifestation of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in a 17-year-old patient with basal ganglia infarction. Eur Neurol. 2003;50(2):109-12. DOI:10.1159/000072510; Henningsson AJ, Malmvall BE, Ernerudh J, Matussek A, Forsberg P. Neuroborreliosis - an epidemiological, clinical and healthcare cost study from an endemic area in the south-east of Sweden. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010 Aug;16(8):1245-51. DOI:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.03059.x; Hess A, Buchmann J, Zettl UK, Henschel S, Schlaefke D, Grau G, Benecke R. Borrelia burgdorferi central nervous system infection presenting as an organic schizophrenialike disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Mar;45(6):795.; Hilton E, Tramontano A, DeVoti J, Sood SK. Temporal study of immunoglobin M seroreactivity to Borrelia burgdorferi in patients treated for Lyme borreliosis. J Clin Microbiol. 1997 Mar;35(3):774-6.; Hirsch E, Sellal F, Christmann D, Steinmetz G, Monteil H, Jesel M, Warter JM, Collard M. Les méningo-radiculites après morsure de tique. Etude de 31 cas [Meningoradiculitis after a tick bite. Study of 31 cases]. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1987;143(3):182-8.; Huisman TA, Wohlrab G, Nadal D, Boltshauser E, Martin E. Unusual presentations of neuroborreliosis (Lyme disease) in childhood. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1999 Jan-Feb;23(1):39-42. DOI:10.1097/00004728-199901000-00009; Huppertz HI, Sticht-Groh V. Meningitis due to Borrelia burgdorferi in the initial stage of Lyme disease. Eur J Pediatr. 1989 Feb;148(5):428-30. DOI:10.1007/BF00595904; Huppertz HI, Bartmann P, Heininger U, Fingerle V, Kinet M, Klein R, Korenke GC, Nentwich HJ; Committee for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinations of the German Academy for Pediatrics and Adolescent Health. Rational diagnostic strategies for Lyme borreliosis in children and adolescents: recommendations by the Committee for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinations of the German Academy for Pediatrics and Adolescent Health. Eur J Pediatr. 2012 Nov;171(11):1619-24. DOI:10.1007/s00431-012-1779-4; Huppertz HI, Böhme M, Standaert SM, Karch H, Plotkin SA. Incidence of Lyme borreliosis in the Würzburg region of Germany. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1999 Oct;18(10):697-703.; Hytönen J, Kortela E, Waris M, Puustinen J, Salo J, Oksi J. CXCL13 and neopterin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis and other diseases that cause neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation. 2014 Jun;11:103. DOI:10.1186/1742-2094-11-103; Johnson L, Wilcox S, Mankoff J, Stricker RB. Severity of chronic Lyme disease compared to other chronic conditions: a quality of life survey. PeerJ. 2014;2:e322. DOI:10.7717/peerj.322; Jouda F, Perret JL, Gern L. Density of questing Ixodes ricinus nymphs and adults infected by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Switzerland: spatio-temporal pattern at a regional scale. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2004;4(1):23-32. DOI:10.1089/153036604773082960; Kaiser R, Lücking CH. Intrathecal synthesis of specific antibodies in neuroborreliosis. Comparison of different ELISA techniques and calculation methods. J Neurol Sci. 1993 Aug;118(1):64-72. DOI:10.1016/0022-510X(93)90247-V; Kaiser R, Fingerle V. Neuroborreliose [Neuroborreliosis]. Nervenarzt. 2009 Oct;80(10):1239-51. DOI:10.1007/s00115-009-2788-z; Kaiser R, Rauer S. Analysis of the intrathecal immune response in neuroborreliosis to a sonicate antigen and three recombinant antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1998 Mar;17(3):159-66.; Kaiser R, Kern A, Kampa D, Neumann-Haefelin D. Prevalence of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi and tick-borne encephalitis virus in an endemic region in southern Germany. Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1997 Nov;286(4):534-41. DOI:10.1016/S0934-8840(97)80057-6; Kaiser R. Verlauf der akuten und chronischen Neuroborreliose nach Behandlung mit Ceftriaxon [Clinical courses of acute and chronic neuroborreliosis following treatment with ceftriaxone]. Nervenarzt. 2004 Jun;75(6):553-7. DOI:10.1007/s00115-003-1560-z; Kaiser R. Variable CSF findings in early and late Lyme neuroborreliosis: a follow-up study in 47 patients. J Neurol. 1994 Dec;242(1):26-36. DOI:10.1007/BF00920571; Kaiser R. Neuroborreliosis. J Neurol. 1998 May;245(5):247-55. DOI:10.1007/s004150050214; Kalish RA, Kaplan RF, Taylor E, Jones-Woodward L, Workman K, Steere AC. Evaluation of study patients with Lyme disease, 10-20-year follow-up. J Infect Dis. 2001 Feb;183(3):453-60. DOI:10.1086/318082; Kalish RA, McHugh G, Granquist J, Shea B, Ruthazer R, Steere AC. Persistence of immunoglobulin M or immunoglobulin G antibody responses to Borrelia burgdorferi 10-20 years after active Lyme disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2001 Sep;33(6):780-5. DOI:10.1086/322669; Kalish RS, Wood JA, Golde W, Bernard R, Davis LE, Grimson RC, Coyle PK, Luft BJ. Human T lymphocyte response to Borrelia burgdorferi infection: no correlation between human leukocyte function antigen type 1 peptide response and clinical status. J Infect Dis. 2003 Jan;187(1):102-8. DOI:10.1086/346059; Kaplan RF, Trevino RP, Johnson GM, Levy L, Dornbush R, Hu LT, Evans J, Weinstein A, Schmid CH, Klempner MS. Cognitive function in post-treatment Lyme disease: do additional antibiotics help? Neurology. 2003 Jun;60(12):1916-22. DOI:10.1212/01.wnl.0000068030.26992.25; Kaplan RF, Meadows ME, Vincent LC, Logigian EL, Steere AC. Memory impairment and depression in patients with Lyme encephalopathy: comparison with fibromyalgia and nonpsychotically depressed patients. Neurology. 1992 Jul;42(7):1263-7. DOI:10.1212/wnl.42.7.1263; Karlsson M, Hammers-Berggren S, Lindquist L, Stiernstedt G, Svenungsson B. Comparison of intravenous penicillin G and oral doxycycline for treatment of Lyme neuroborreliosis. Neurology. 1994 Jul;44(7):1203-7. DOI:10.1212/wnl.44.7.1203; Keilp JG, Corbera K, Slavov I, Taylor MJ, Sackeim HA, Fallon BA. WAIS-III and WMS-III performance in chronic Lyme disease. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2006 Jan;12(1):119-29. DOI:10.1017/S1355617706060231; Keller TL, Halperin JJ, Whitman M. PCR detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in cerebrospinal fluid of Lyme neuroborreliosis patients. Neurology. 1992 Jan;42(1):32-42. DOI:10.1212/wnl.42.1.32; Kindstrand E, Nilsson BY, Hovmark A, Pirskanen R, Asbrink E. Peripheral neuropathy in acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans - a late Borrelia manifestation. Acta Neurol Scand. 1997 Jun;95(6):338-45. DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1997.tb00222.x; Kindstrand E, Nilsson BY, Hovmark A, Pirskanen R, Asbrink E. Peripheral neuropathy in acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans - effect of treatment. Acta Neurol Scand. 2002 Nov;106(5):253-7.; Klempner MS. Controlled trials of antibiotic treatment in patients with post-treatment chronic Lyme disease. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2002;2(4):255-63. DOI:10.1089/153036602321653842; Klempner MS, Baker PJ, Shapiro ED, Marques A, Dattwyler RJ, Halperin JJ, Wormser GP. Treatment trials for post-Lyme disease symptoms revisited. Am J Med. 2013 Aug;126(8):665-9. DOI:10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.02.014; Klempner MS, Hu LT, Evans J, Schmid CH, Johnson GM, Trevino RP, Norton D, Levy L, Wall D, McCall J, Kosinski M, Weinstein A. Two controlled trials of antibiotic treatment in patients with persistent symptoms and a history of Lyme disease. N Engl J Med. 2001 Jul;345(2):85-92. DOI:10.1056/NEJM200107123450202; Knauer J, Krupka I, Fueldner C, Lehmann J, Straubinger RK. Evaluation of the preventive capacities of a topically applied azithromycin formulation against Lyme borreliosis in a murine model. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011 Dec;66(12):2814-22. DOI:10.1093/jac/dkr371; Koedel U, Fingerle V, Pfister HW. Lyme neuroborreliosis - epidemiology, diagnosis and management. Nat Rev Neurol. 2015 Aug;11(8):446-56. DOI:10.1038/nrneurol.2015.121; Kohlhepp W, Oschmann P, Mertens HG. Treatment of Lyme borreliosis. Randomized comparison of doxycycline and penicillin G. J Neurol. 1989;236:464-9.; Kohns M, Karenfort M, Schaper J, Laws HJ, Mayatepek E, Distelmaier F. Transient ischaemic attack in a 5-year-old girl due to focal vasculitis in neuroborreliosis. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013;35(2):184-5. DOI:10.1159/000346597; Komdeur R, Zijlstra JG, van der Werf TS, Ligtenberg JJ, Tulleken JE. Immunosuppressive treatment for vasculitis associated with Lyme borreliosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2001 Jul;60(7):721. DOI:10.1136/ard.60.7.721; Kowalski TJ, Berth WL, Mathiason MA, Agger WA. Oral antibiotic treatment and long-term outcomes of Lyme facial nerve palsy. Infection. 2011 Jun;39(3):239-45. DOI:10.1007/s15010-011-0107-7; Kristoferitsch W, Sluga E, Graf M, Partsch H, Neumann R, Stanek G, Budka H. Neuropathy associated with acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans. Clinical and morphological features. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1988;539:35-45. DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb31836.x; Kristoferitsch W, Baumhackl U, Sluga E, Stanek G, Zeiler K. High-dose penicillin therapy in meningopolyneuritis Garin-Bujadoux-Bannwarth. Clinical and cerebrospinal fluid data. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A. 1987 Feb;263(3):357-64. DOI:10.1016/S0176-6724(87)80093-7; Krupp LB, Hyman LG, Grimson R, Coyle PK, Melville P, Ahnn S, Dattwyler R, Chandler B. Study and treatment of post Lyme disease (STOP-LD): a randomized double masked clinical trial. Neurology. 2003 Jun;60(12):1923-30. DOI:10.1212/01.wnl.0000071227.23769.9e; Krupp LB, Masur D, Schwartz J, Coyle PK, Langenbach LJ, Fernquist SK, Jandorf L, Halperin JJ. Cognitive functioning in late Lyme borreliosis. Arch Neurol. 1991 Nov;48(11):1125-9. DOI:10.1001/archneur.1991.00530230033017; Krüger H, Kohlhepp W, König S. Follow-up of antibiotically treated and untreated neuroborreliosis. Acta Neurol Scand. 1990 Jul;82(1):59-67. DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1990.tb01588.x; Krüger H, Reuss K, Pulz M, Rohrbach E, Pflughaupt KW, Martin R, Mertens HG. Meningoradiculitis and encephalomyelitis due to Borrelia burgdorferi: a follow-up study of 72 patients over 27 years. J Neurol. 1989 Sep;236(6):322-8.; Lantos PM, Auwaerter PG, Wormser GP. A systematic review of Borrelia burgdorferi morphologic variants does not support a role in chronic Lyme disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Mar;58(5):663-71. DOI:10.1093/cid/cit810; Lantos PM. Chronic Lyme disease: the controversies and the science. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2011 Jul;9(7):787-97. DOI:10.1586/eri.11.63; Lantos PM, Wormser GP. Chronic coinfections in patients diagnosed with chronic lyme disease: a systematic review. Am J Med. 2014 Nov;127(11):1105-10. DOI:10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.05.036; Lebas A, Toulgoat F, Saliou G, Husson B, Tardieu M. Stroke due to lyme neuroborreliosis: changes in vessel wall contrast enhancement. J Neuroimaging. 2012 Apr;22(2):210-2. DOI:10.1111/j.1552-6569.2010.00550.x; Lebech AM, Hansen K, Brandrup F, Clemmensen O, Halkier-Sørensen L. Diagnostic value of PCR for detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in clinical specimens from patients with erythema migrans and Lyme neuroborreliosis. Mol Diagn. 2000 Jun;5(2):139-50. DOI:10.1054/xd.2000.7179; Leenders AC. Single-dose doxycycline for the prevention of Lyme disease. N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov;345(18):1349; author reply 1349-50. DOI:10.1056/NEJM200111013451815; Leite LM, Carvalho AG, Ferreira PL, Pessoa IX, Gonçalves DO, Lopes Ade A, Góes JG, Alves VC, Leal LK, Brito GA, Viana GS. Anti-inflammatory properties of doxycycline and minocycline in experimental models: an in vivo and in vitro comparative study. Inflammopharmacology. 2011 Apr;19(2):99-110. DOI:10.1007/s10787-011-0077-5; Liang FT, Aberer E, Cinco M, Gern L, Hu CM, Lobet YN, Ruscio M, Voet PE Jr, Weynants VE, Philipp MT. Antigenic conservation of an immunodominant invariable region of the VlsE lipoprotein among European pathogenic genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi SL. J Infect Dis. 2000 Nov;182(5):1455-62. DOI:10.1086/315862; Lightfoot RW Jr, Luft BJ, Rahn DW, Steere AC, Sigal LH, Zoschke DC, Gardner P, Britton MC, Kaufman RL. Empiric parenteral antibiotic treatment of patients with fibromyalgia and fatigue and a positive serologic result for Lyme disease. A cost-effectiveness analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1993 Sep;119(6):503-9. DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-119-6-199309150-00010; Ljøstad U, Mygland Å. The phenomenon of 'chronic Lyme'; an observational study. Eur J Neurol. 2012 Aug;19(8):1128-35. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2012.03691.x; Ljøstad U, Mygland A. Remaining complaints 1 year after treatment for acute Lyme neuroborreliosis; frequency, pattern and risk factors. Eur J Neurol. 2010 Jan;17(1):118-23. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02756.x; Ljøstad U, Skogvoll E, Eikeland R, Midgard R, Skarpaas T, Berg A, Mygland A. Oral doxycycline versus intravenous ceftriaxone for European Lyme neuroborreliosis: a multicentre, non-inferiority, double-blind, randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. 2008 Aug;7(8):690-5. DOI:10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70119-4; Ljøstad U, Skarpaas T, Mygland A. Clinical usefulness of intrathecal antibody testing in acute Lyme neuroborreliosis. Eur J Neurol. 2007 Aug;14(8):873-6. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.01799.x; Ljøstad U, Mygland A. CSF B-lymphocyte chemoattractant (CXCL13) in the early diagnosis of acute Lyme neuroborreliosis. J Neurol. 2008 May;255(5):732-7. DOI:10.1007/s00415-008-0785-y; Logigian EL, Steere AC. Clinical and electrophysiologic findings in chronic neuropathy of Lyme disease. Neurology. 1992 Feb;42(2):303-11. DOI:10.1212/wnl.42.2.303; Logigian EL, Kaplan RF, Steere AC. Chronic neurologic manifestations of Lyme disease. N Engl J Med. 1990 Nov;323(21):1438-44. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199011223232102; Luo N, Johnson JA, Shaw JW, Feeny D, Coons SJ. Self-reported health status of the general adult U.S. population as assessed by the EQ-5D and Health Utilities Index. Med Care. 2005 Nov;43(11):1078-86. DOI:10.1097/01.mlr.0000182493.57090.c1; Maiwald M, Oehme R, March O, Petney TN, Kimmig P, Naser K, Zappe HA, Hassler D, von Knebel Doeberitz M. Transmission risk of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from Ixodes ricinus ticks to humans in southwest Germany. Epidemiol Infect. 1998 Aug;121(1):103-8. DOI:10.1017/s0950268898008929; Margos G, Vollmer SA, Cornet M, Garnier M, Fingerle V, Wilske B, Bormane A, Vitorino L, Collares-Pereira M, Drancourt M, Kurtenbach K. A new Borrelia species defined by multilocus sequence analysis of housekeeping genes. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Aug;75(16):5410-6. DOI:10.1128/AEM.00116-09; Markeljevic J, Sarac H, Rados M. Tremor, seizures and psychosis as presenting symptoms in a patient with chronic lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB). Coll Antropol. 2011 Jan;35 Suppl 1:313-8.; Marques A, Telford SR 3rd, Turk SP, Chung E, Williams C, Dardick K, Krause PJ, Brandeburg C, Crowder CD, Carolan HE, Eshoo MW, Shaw PA, Hu LT. Xenodiagnosis to detect Borrelia burgdorferi infection: a first-in-human study. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Apr;58(7):937-45. DOI:10.1093/cid/cit939; May EF, Jabbari B. Stroke in neuroborreliosis. Stroke. 1990 Aug;21(8):1232-5. DOI:10.1161/01.STR.21.8.1232; Munderloh UG, Kurtti TJ. The ABCs of Lyme disease spirochaetes in ticks. Lancet. 2005 Sep 17-23;366(9490):962-4. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67350-3; Müller I, Freitag MH, Poggensee G, Scharnetzky E, Straube E, Schoerner C, Hlobil H, Hagedorn HJ, Stanek G, Schubert-Unkmeir A, Norris DE, Gensichen J, Hunfeld KP. Evaluating frequency, diagnostic quality, and cost of Lyme borreliosis testing in Germany: a retrospective model analysis. Clin Dev Immunol. 2012;2012:595427. DOI:10.1155/2012/595427; Mygland A, Ljøstad U, Fingerle V, Rupprecht T, Schmutzhard E, Steiner I; European Federation of Neurological Societies. EFNS guidelines on the diagnosis and management of European Lyme neuroborreliosis. Eur J Neurol. 2010 Jan;17(1):8-16, e1-4. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02862.x; Mygland A, Skarpaas T, Ljøstad U. Chronic polyneuropathy and Lyme disease. Eur J Neurol. 2006 Nov;13(11):1213-5. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01395.x; Nadelman RB, Nowakowski J, Fish D, Falco RC, Freeman K, McKenna D, Welch P, Marcus R, Agüero-Rosenfeld ME, Dennis DT, Wormser GP; Tick Bite Study Group. Prophylaxis with single-dose doxycycline for the prevention of Lyme disease after an Ixodes scapularis tick bite. N Engl J Med. 2001 Jul;345(2):79-84. DOI:10.1056/NEJM200107123450201; Nahimana I, Gern L, Blanc DS, Praz G, Francioli P, Péter O. Risk of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in western Switzerland following a tick bite. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004 Aug;23(8):603-8. DOI:10.1007/s10096-004-1162-0; Nieman GF, Zerler BR. A role for the anti-inflammatory properties of tetracyclines in the prevention of acute lung injury. Curr Med Chem. 2001 Feb;8(3):317-25.; Nigrovic LE, Thompson KM. The Lyme vaccine: a cautionary tale. Epidemiol Infect. 2007 Jan;135(1):1-8. DOI:10.1017/S0950268806007096; Nordberg M, Forsberg P, Nyman D, Skogman BH, Nyberg C, Ernerudh J, Eliasson I, Ekerfelt C. Can ELISPOT be applied to a clinical setting as a diagnostic utility for neuroborreliosis? Cells. 2012 Jun;1(2):153-67. DOI:10.3390/cells1020153; Nowakowski J, Nadelman RB, Sell R, McKenna D, Cavaliere LF, Holmgren D, Gaidici A, Wormser GP. Long-term follow-up of patients with culture-confirmed Lyme disease. Am J Med. 2003 Aug;115(2):91-6. DOI:10.1016/s0002-9343(03)00308-5; Ogrinc K, Lusa L, Lotric-Furlan S, Bogovic P, Stupica D, Cerar T, Ruzic-Sabljic E, Strle F. Course and Outcome of Early European Lyme Neuroborreliosis (Bannwarth Syndrome): Clinical and Laboratory Findings. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Aug;63(3):346-53. DOI:10.1093/cid/ciw299; Oksi J, Nikoskelainen J, Hiekkanen H, Lauhio A, Peltomaa M, Pitkäranta A, Nyman D, Granlund H, Carlsson SA, Seppälä I, Valtonen V, Viljanen M. Duration of antibiotic treatment in disseminated Lyme borreliosis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007 Aug;26(8):571-81. DOI:10.1007/s10096-007-0340-2; Oliveira CR, Shapiro ED. Update on persistent symptoms associated with Lyme disease. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2015 Feb;27(1):100-4. DOI:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000167; Oschmann P, Dorndorf W, Hornig C, Schäfer C, Wellensiek HJ, Pflughaupt KW. Stages and syndromes of neuroborreliosis. J Neurol. 1998 May;245(5):262-72.; Pasareanu AR, Mygland Å, Kristensen Ø. A woman in her 50s with manic psychosis. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2012 Mar;132(5):537-9. DOI:10.4045/tidsskr.11.0683; Paul H, Gerth HJ, Ackermann R. Infectiousness for humans of Ixodes ricinus containing Borrelia burgdorferi. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A. 1987 Feb;263(3):473-6.; Perronne C. Critical review of studies trying to evaluate the treatment of chronic Lyme disease. Presse Med. 2015 Jul-Aug;44(7-8):828-31. DOI:10.1016/j.lpm.2015.06.002; Pfister HW, Einhäupl KM, Franz P, Garner C. Corticosteroids for radicular pain in Bannwarth's syndrome: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1988;539:485-7.; Pfister HW, Wilske B, Weber K. Lyme borreliosis: basic science and clinical aspects. Lancet. 1994 Apr;343(8904):1013-6. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(94)90130-9; Pfister HW, Preac-Mursic V, Wilske B, Einhäupl KM. Cefotaxime vs penicillin G for acute neurologic manifestations in Lyme borreliosis. A prospective randomized study. Arch Neurol. 1989 Nov;46(11):1190-4. DOI:10.1001/archneur.1989.00520470044025; Pfister HW, Preac-Mursic V, Wilske B, Schielke E, Sörgel F, Einhäupl KM. Randomized comparison of ceftriaxone and cefotaxime in Lyme neuroborreliosis. J Infect Dis. 1991 Feb;163(2):311-8. DOI:10.1093/infdis/163.2.311; Piesman J, Hojgaard A, Ullmann AJ, Dolan MC. Efficacy of an experimental azithromycin cream for prophylaxis of tick-transmitted lyme disease spirochete infection in a murine model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(1):348-51. DOI:10.1128/AAC.01932-13; Rauer S, Kaiser R, Kölmel HW, Pfister HW, Schmutzhard E, Sturzenegger M, Wilske B. Neuroborreliose. In: Diener HC, Weimar C, editors. Leitlinien für Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie. Stuttgart, New York: Georg Thieme; 2012. p. 513-22.; Reiber H, Felgenhauer K. Protein transfer at the blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier and the quantitation of the humoral immune response within the central nervous system. Clin Chim Acta. 1987 Mar;163(3):319-28. DOI:10.1016/0009-8981(87)90250-6; Reiber H, Lange P. Quantification of virus-specific antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid and serum: sensitive and specific detection of antibody synthesis in brain. Clin Chem. 1991 Jul;37(7):1153-60.; Reiber H, Peter JB. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis: disease-related data patterns and evaluation programs. J Neurol Sci. 2001 Mar;184(2):101-22. DOI:10.1016/S0022-510X(00)00501-3; Reiber H, Ressel CB, Spreer A. Diagnosis of Neuroborreliosis - Improved knowledge base for qualified antibody analysis and cerebrospinal fluid data pattern related interpretations. Neurol Psychiatry Brain Res. 2013;19(4):159-69. DOI:10.1016/j.npbr.2013.10.004; Reid MC, Schoen RT, Evans J, Rosenberg JC, Horwitz RI. The consequences of overdiagnosis and overtreatment of Lyme disease: an observational study. Ann Intern Med. 1998 Mar;128(5):354-62. DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-128-5-199803010-00003; Reik L, Steere AC, Bartenhagen NH, Shope RE, Malawista SE. Neurologic abnormalities of Lyme disease. Medicine (Baltimore). 1979 Jul;58(4):281-94. DOI:10.1097/00005792-197907000-00001; Reimers CD, de Koning J, Neubert U, Preac-Mursic V, Koster JG, Müller-Felber W, Pongratz DE, Duray PH. Borrelia burgdorferi myositis: report of eight patients. J Neurol. 1993 May;240(5):278-83. DOI:10.1007/BF00838161; Riedel M, Straube A, Schwarz MJ, Wilske B, Müller N. Lyme disease presenting as Tourette's syndrome. Lancet. 1998 Feb;351(9100):418-9. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78357-4; Roelcke U, Barnett W, Wilder-Smith E, Sigmund D, Hacke W. Untreated neuroborreliosis: Bannwarth's syndrome evolving into acute schizophrenia-like psychosis. A case report. J Neurol. 1992 Mar;239(3):129-31.; Rubenstein JL, Wong VS, Kadoch C, Gao HX, Barajas R, Chen L, Josephson SA, Scott B, Douglas V, Maiti M, Kaplan LD, Treseler PA, Cha S, Hwang JH, Cinque P, Cyster JG, Lowell C. CXCL13 plus interleukin 10 is highly specific for the diagnosis of CNS lymphoma. Blood. 2013 Jun;121(23):4740-8. DOI:10.1182/blood-2013-01-476333; Rupprecht TA, Pfister HW, Angele B, Kastenbauer S, Wilske B, Koedel U. The chemokine CXCL13 (BLC): a putative diagnostic marker for neuroborreliosis. Neurology. 2005 Aug;65(3):448-50. DOI:10.1212/01.wnl.0000171349.06645.79; Rupprecht TA, Plate A, Adam M, Wick M, Kastenbauer S, Schmidt C, Klein M, Pfister HW, Koedel U. The chemokine CXCL13 is a key regulator of B cell recruitment to the cerebrospinal fluid in acute Lyme neuroborreliosis. J Neuroinflammation. 2009 Dec;6:42. DOI:10.1186/1742-2094-6-42; Rupprecht TA, Koedel U, Fingerle V, Pfister HW. The pathogenesis of lyme neuroborreliosis: from infection to inflammation. Mol Med. 2008 Mar-Apr;14(3-4):205-12. DOI:10.2119/2007-00091.Rupprecht; Rupprecht TA, Lechner C, Tumani H, Fingerle V. CXCL13 als Biomarker der akuten Neuroborreliose: Überprüfung des prädiktiven Wertes in der klinischen Routine [CXCL13: a biomarker for acute Lyme neuroborreliosis: investigation of the predictive value in the clinical routine]. Nervenarzt. 2014 Apr;85(4):459-64. DOI:10.1007/s00115-014-4020-z; Schmidt C, Plate A, Angele B, Pfister HW, Wick M, Koedel U, Rupprecht TA. A prospective study on the role of CXCL13 in Lyme neuroborreliosis. Neurology. 2011 Mar;76(12):1051-8. DOI:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318211c39a; Schmiedel J, Gahn G, von Kummer R, Reichmann H. Cerebral vasculitis with multiple infarcts caused by lyme disease. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2004;17(1):79-81. DOI:10.1159/000073904; Schmitt AB, Küker W, Nacimiento W. Neuroborreliose mit ausgeprägter zerebraler Vaskulitis und multiplen Hirninfarkten [Neuroborreliosis with extensive cerebral vasculitis and multiple cerebral infarcts]. Nervenarzt. 1999 Feb;70(2):167-71.; Schmutzhard E, Willeit J, Gerstenbrand F. Meningopolyneuritis Bannwarth with focal nodular myositis. A new aspect in Lyme borreliosis. Klin Wochenschr. 1986 Nov;64(22):1204-8. DOI:10.1007/bf01728463; Schulz KF, Grimes DA. Sample size slippages in randomised trials: exclusions and the lost and wayward. Lancet. 2002 Mar;359(9308):781-5. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07882-0; Schwameis M, Kündig T, Huber G, von Bidder L, Meinel L, Weisser R, Aberer E, Härter G, Weinke T, Jelinek T, Fätkenheuer G, Wollina U, Burchard GD, Aschoff R, Nischik R, Sattler G, Popp G, Lotte W, Wiechert D, Eder G, Maus O, Staubach-Renz P, Gräfe A, Geigenberger V, Naudts I, Sebastian M, Reider N, Weber R, Heckmann M, Reisinger EC, Klein G, Wantzen J, Jilma B. Topical azithromycin for the prevention of Lyme borreliosis: a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 efficacy trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017 Mar;17(3):322-9. DOI:10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30529-1; Seltzer EG, Gerber MA, Cartter ML, Freudigman K, Shapiro ED. Long-term outcomes of persons with Lyme disease. JAMA. 2000 Feb;283(5):609-16. DOI:10.1001/jama.283.5.609; Shadick NA, Phillips CB, Logigian EL, Steere AC, Kaplan RF, Berardi VP, Duray PH, Larson MG, Wright EA, Ginsburg KS, Katz JN, Liang MH. The long-term clinical outcomes of Lyme disease. A population-based retrospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 1994 Oct;121(8):560-7. DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-121-8-199410150-00002; Shadick NA, Phillips CB, Sangha O, Logigian EL, Kaplan RF, Wright EA, Fossel AH, Fossel K, Berardi V, Lew RA, Liang MH. Musculoskeletal and neurologic outcomes in patients with previously treated Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med. 1999 Dec;131(12):919-26. DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-131-12-199912210-00003; Shapiro ED, Dattwyler R, Nadelman RB, Wormser GP. Response to meta-analysis of Lyme borreliosis symptoms. Int J Epidemiol. 2005 Dec;34(6):1437-9. DOI:10.1093/ije/dyi241; Sigal LH. Summary of the first 100 patients seen at a Lyme disease referral center. Am J Med. 1990 Jun;88(6):577-81. DOI:10.1016/0002-9343(90)90520-n; Skogman BH, Croner S, Nordwall M, Eknefelt M, Ernerudh J, Forsberg P. Lyme neuroborreliosis in children: a prospective study of clinical features, prognosis, and outcome. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008 Dec;27(12):1089-94. DOI:10.1097/INF.0b013e31817fd423; Skogman BH, Glimåker K, Nordwall M, Vrethem M, Ödkvist L, Forsberg P. Long-term clinical outcome after Lyme neuroborreliosis in childhood. Pediatrics. 2012 Aug;130(2):262-9. DOI:10.1542/peds.2011-3719; Smit PW, Kurkela S, Kuusi M, Vapalahti O. Evaluation of two commercially available rapid diagnostic tests for Lyme borreliosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015 Jan;34(1):109-13. DOI:10.1007/s10096-014-2217-5; Stanek G, Wormser GP, Gray J, Strle F. Lyme borreliosis. Lancet. 2012 Feb;379(9814):461-73. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60103-7; Stanek G, Fingerle V, Hunfeld KP, Jaulhac B, Kaiser R, Krause A, Kristoferitsch W, O'Connell S, Ornstein K, Strle F, Gray J. Lyme borreliosis: clinical case definitions for diagnosis and management in Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011 Jan;17(1):69-79. DOI:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03175.x; Stanek G, Strle F. Lyme borreliosis: a European perspective on diagnosis and clinical management. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2009 Oct;22(5):450-4. DOI:10.1097/QCO.0b013e32832ee880; Stanek G, Flamm H, Groh V, Hirschl A, Kristoferitsch W, Neumann R, Schmutzhard E, Wewalka G. Epidemiology of borrelia infections in Austria. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A. 1987 Feb;263(3):442-9. DOI:10.1016/S0176-6724(87)80106-2; Steere AC. Seronegative Lyme disease. JAMA. 1993 Sep;270(11):1369. DOI:10.1111/j.1574-695X.2006.00139.x; Steere AC, Taylor E, McHugh GL, Logigian EL. The overdiagnosis of Lyme disease. JAMA. 1993 Apr;269(14):1812-6.; Steere AC, Sikand VK, Meurice F, Parenti DL, Fikrig E, Schoen RT, Nowakowski J, Schmid CH, Laukamp S, Buscarino C, Krause DS. Vaccination against Lyme disease with recombinant Borrelia burgdorferi outer-surface lipoprotein A with adjuvant. Lyme Disease Vaccine Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1998 Jul;339(4):209-15. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199807233390401; Steere AC. Lyme disease. N Engl J Med. 1989 Aug;321(9):586-96. DOI:10.1056/NEJM198908313210906; Steere AC, Pachner AR, Malawista SE. Neurologic abnormalities of Lyme disease: successful treatment with high-dose intravenous penicillin. Ann Intern Med. 1983 Dec;99(6):767-72. DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-99-6-767; Stricker RB, Winger EE. Decreased CD57 lymphocyte subset in patients with chronic Lyme disease. Immunol Lett. 2001 Feb;76(1):43-8. DOI:10.1016/S0165-2478(00)00316-3; Tikka T, Usenius T, Tenhunen M, Keinänen R, Koistinaho J. Tetracycline derivatives and ceftriaxone, a cephalosporin antibiotic, protect neurons against apoptosis induced by ionizing radiation. J Neurochem. 2001 Sep;78(6):1409-14. DOI:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00543.x; Topakian R, Stieglbauer K, Nussbaumer K, Aichner FT. Cerebral vasculitis and stroke in Lyme neuroborreliosis. Two case reports and review of current knowledge. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008;26(5):455-61. DOI:10.1159/000155982; Treib J, Fernandez A, Haass A, Grauer MT, Holzer G, Woessner R. Clinical and serologic follow-up in patients with neuroborreliosis. Neurology. 1998 Nov;51(5):1489-91. DOI:10.1212/wnl.51.5.1489; Tugwell P, Dennis DT, Weinstein A, Wells G, Shea B, Nichol G, Hayward R, Lightfoot R, Baker P, Steere AC. Laboratory evaluation in the diagnosis of Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med. 1997 Dec;127(12):1109-23. DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-127-12-199712150-00011; Tumani H, Nölker G, Reiber H. Relevance of cerebrospinal fluid variables for early diagnosis of neuroborreliosis. Neurology. 1995 Sep;45(9):1663-70. DOI:10.1212/wnl.45.9.1663; Valentine-Thon E, Müller K, Guzzi G, Kreisel S, Ohnsorge P, Sandkamp M. LTT-MELISA is clinically relevant for detecting and monitoring metal sensitivity. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2006 Dec;27 Suppl 1:17-24.; Vázquez M, Sparrow SS, Shapiro ED. Long-term neuropsychologic and health outcomes of children with facial nerve palsy attributable to Lyme disease. Pediatrics. 2003 Aug;112(2):e93-7. DOI:10.1542/peds.112.2.e93; Vrethem M, Hellblom L, Widlund M, Ahl M, Danielsson O, Ernerudh J, Forsberg P. Chronic symptoms are common in patients with neuroborreliosis - a questionnaire follow-up study. Acta Neurol Scand. 2002 Oct;106(4):205-8. DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0404.2002.01358.x; Vukelic D, Bozinovic D, Morovic M, Tesovic G, Ruzic Sabljic E, Barisic N, Knezovic I. Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome in a child with neuroborreliosis. J Infect. 2000 Mar;40(2):189-91. DOI:10.1016/S0163-4453(00)80016-X; van Dam AP, Kuiper H, Vos K, Widjojokusumo A, de Jongh BM, Spanjaard L, Ramselaar AC, Kramer MD, Dankert J. Different genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi are associated with distinct clinical manifestations of Lyme borreliosis. Clin Infect Dis. 1993 Oct;17(4):708-17. DOI:10.1093/clinids/17.4.708; von Baehr V, Doebis C, Volk HD, von Baehr R. The lymphocyte transformation test for borrelia detects active lyme borreliosis and verifies effective antibiotic treatment. Open Neurol J. 2012;6:104-12. DOI:10.2174/1874205X01206010104; Wallich R, Kramer MD, Simon MM. The recombinant outer surface protein A (lipOspA) of Borrelia burgdorferi: a Lyme disease vaccine. Infection. 1996 Sep-Oct;24(5):396-7.; Wang TJ, Sangha O, Phillips CB, Wright EA, Lew RA, Fossel AH, Fossel K, Shadick NA, Liang MH, Sundel RP. Outcomes of children treated for Lyme disease. J Rheumatol. 1998 Nov;25(11):2249-53.; Wessely S. Chronic fatigue: symptom and syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 2001 May;134(9 Pt 2):838-43. DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-134-9_part_2-200105011-00007; Wilke M, Eiffert H, Christen HJ, Hanefeld F. Primarily chronic and cerebrovascular course of Lyme neuroborreliosis: case reports and literature review. Arch Dis Child. 2000 Jul;83(1):67-71. DOI:10.1136/adc.83.1.67; Wilking H, Fingerle V, Klier C, Thamm M, Stark K. Antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato among Adults, Germany, 2008-2011. Emerging Infect Dis. 2015 Jan;21(1):107-10. DOI:10.3201/eid2101.140009; Wilking H, Stark K. Trends in surveillance data of human Lyme borreliosis from six federal states in eastern Germany, 2009-2012. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2014 Apr;5(3):219-24. DOI:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.10.010; Wilske B, Fingerle V, Herzer P, Hofmann A, Lehnert G, Peters H, Pfister HW, Preac-Mursic V, Soutschek E, Weber K. Recombinant immunoblot in the serodiagnosis of Lyme borreliosis. Comparison with indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Med Microbiol Immunol. 1993 Nov;182(5):255-70. DOI:10.1007/BF00579624; Wilske B, Fingerle V, Schulte-Spechtel U. Microbiological and serological diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2007 Feb;49(1):13-21. DOI:10.1111/j.1574-695X.2006.00139.x; Wilske B, Steinhuber R, Bergmeister H, Fingerle V, Schierz G, Preac-Mursic V, Vanek E, Lorbeer B. Lyme-Borreliose in Süddeutschland. Epidemiologische Daten zum Auftreten von Erkrankungsfällen sowie zur Durchseuchung von Zecken (Ixodes ricinus) mit Borrelia burgdorferi [Lyme borreliosis in South Germany. Epidemiologic data on the incidence of cases and on the epidemiology of ticks (Ixodes ricinus) carrying Borrelia burgdorferi]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1987 Nov;112(45):1730-6. DOI:10.1055/s-2008-1068320; Wilske B, Johnson BJ, Schriefer ME. Borrelia. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen HJ, Landry ML, Pfaller MA, editors. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. Washington DC: ASM Press; 2007. p. 971-86.; Wilske B, Zöller L, Brade V, Eiffert H, Göbel U, Stanek G, Pfister HW. Mikrobiologische Qualitätsstandards Lyme-Borreliose. München: Urban & Fischer; 2000.; Wilske B. Epidemiology and diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis. Ann Med. 2005;37(8):568-79. DOI:10.1080/07853890500431934; Wittwer B, Pelletier S, Ducrocq X, Maillard L, Mione G, Richard S. Cerebrovascular Events in Lyme Neuroborreliosis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2015 Jul;24(7):1671-8. DOI:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.03.056; Wormser GP, Dattwyler RJ, Shapiro ED, Halperin JJ, Steere AC, Klempner MS, Krause PJ, Bakken JS, Strle F, Stanek G, Bockenstedt L, Fish D, Dumler JS, Nadelman RB. The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Nov;43(9):1089-134. DOI:10.1086/508667; Wormser GP, Nadelman RB, Dattwyler RJ, Dennis DT, Shapiro ED, Steere AC, Rush TJ, Rahn DW, Coyle PK, Persing DH, Fish D, Luft BJ. Practice guidelines for the treatment of Lyme disease. The Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2000 Jul;31 Suppl 1:1-14. DOI:10.1086/314053; Ylitalo V, Hagberg BA. Progressive ataxia in Swedish children: a re-evaluation study. Acta Neurol Scand. 1994 Apr;89(4):299-302. DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1994.tb01684.x; Young GB. Encephalopathy of infection and systemic inflammation. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2013 Oct;30(5):454-61. DOI:10.1097/WNP.0b013e3182a73d83; Zajkowska J, Garkowski A, Moniuszko A, Czupryna P, Ptaszynska-Sarosiek I, Tarasów E, Ustymowicz A, Lebkowski W, Pancewicz S. Vasculitis and stroke due to Lyme neuroborreliosis - a review. Infect Dis (Lond). 2015 Jan;47(1):1-6. DOI:10.3109/00365548.2014.961544; Zöller L, Burkard S, Schäfer H. Validity of western immunoblot band patterns in the serodiagnosis of Lyme borreliosis. J Clin Microbiol. 1991 Jan;29(1):174-82.; http://dx.doi.org/10.3205/000279Test; http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0183-0002795Test; http://www.egms.de/en/journals/gms/2020-18/000279.shtmlTest

  2. 2
    دورية أكاديمية

    المؤلفون: Lohr, B, Hildebrandt, A, Hunfeld, KP

    المصدر: GMS Zeitschrift zur Förderung der Qualitätssicherung in medizinischen Laboratorien; VOL: 8; DOC04 /20170914/

    العلاقة: Blum S, Gattringer R, Haschke E, Walochnik J, Tschurtschenthaler G, Lang F, Oberbauer R. The case: hemolysis and acute renal failure. Kidney Int. 2011 Sep;80(6):681-3. DOI:10.1038/ki.2011.184; Brasseur P, Lecoublet S, Kapel N, Favennec L, Ballet JJ. Quinine in the treatment of Babesia divergens infections in humans. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1996 Oct;15(10):840-1. DOI:10.1007/BF01701533; Campuzano-Zuluaga G, Hänscheid T, Grobusch MP. Automated haematology analysis to diagnose malaria. Malar J. 2010 Nov;9:346. DOI:10.1186/1475-2875-9-346; Castro E, González LM, Rubio JM, Ramiro R, Gironés N, Montero E. The efficacy of the ultraviolet?C pathogen inactivation system in the reduction of Babesia divergens in pooled buffy coat platelets. Transfusion. 2014 Sep;54(9):2207-16. DOI:10.1111/trf.12598; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Babesiosis surveillance - 18 States, 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012 Jul 13;61(27):505-9. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6127a2.htmTest (accessed Jan 12, 2016).; Cirino CM, Leitman SF, Williams E, Fedorko D, Palmore TN, Klion A, Ockenhouse C, Fitzhugh C, Tisdale JF, Hsieh MM. Transfusion-associated babesiosis with an atypical time course after nonmyeloablative transplantation for sickle cell disease. Ann Intern Med. 2008 May;148(10):794-5.; Cornett JK, Malhotra A, Hart D. Vertical transmission of babesiosis from a pregnant, splenectomized mother to her neonate. Infect Dis Clin Pract. 2012;20(6):408-10. DOI:10.1097/IPC.0b013e31825b20c1; Corpelet C, Vacher P, Coudore F, Laurichesse H, Conort N, Souweine B. Role of quinine in life-threatening Babesia divergens infection successfully treated with clindamycin. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005 Jan;24(1):74-5. DOI:10.1007/s10096-004-1270-x; Denes E, Rogez JP, Dardé ML, Weinbreck P. Management of Babesia divergens babesiosis without a complete course of quinine treatment. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1999 Sep;18(9):672-3. DOI:10.1007/s100960050373; Eshoo MW, Crowder CD, Carolan HE, Rounds MA, Ecker DJ, Haag H, Mothes B, Nolte O. Broad-range survey of tick-borne pathogens in Southern Germany reveals a high prevalence of Babesia microti and a diversity of other tick-borne pathogens. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2014 Aug;14(8):584-91. DOI:10.1089/vbz.2013.1498; Etkind P, Piesman J, Ruebush TK 2nd, Spielman A, Juranek DD. Methods for detecting Babesia microti infection in wild rodents. J Parasitol. 1980 Feb;66(1):107-10. DOI:10.2307/3280599; Foppa IM, Krause PJ, Spielman A, Goethert H, Gern L, Brand B, Telford SR 3rd. Entomologic and serologic evidence of zoonotic transmission of Babesia microti, eastern Switzerland. Emerging Infect Dis. 2002 Jul;8(7):722-6. DOI:10.3201/eid0807.010459; Fox LM, Wingerter S, Ahmed A, Arnold A, Chou J, Rhein L, Levy O. Neonatal babesiosis: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006 Feb;25(2):169-73. DOI:10.1097/01.inf.0000195438.09628.b0; Francioli PB, Keithly JS, Jones TC, Brandstetter RD, Wolf DJ. Response of babesiosis to pentamidine therapy. Ann Intern Med. 1981 Mar;94(3):326-30. DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-94-3-326; Franke J, Hildebrandt A, Meier F, Straube E, Dorn W. Prevalence of Lyme disease agents and several emerging pathogens in questing ticks from the German Baltic coast. J Med Entomol. 2011 Mar;48(2):441-4.; Gabrielli S, Galuppi R, Marcer F, Marini C, Tampieri MP, Moretti A, Pietrobelli M, Cancrini G. Development of culture-based serological assays to diagnose Babesia divergens infections. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2012 Feb;12(2):106-10. DOI:10.1089/vbz.2011.0706; Gonzalez LM, Rojo S, Gonzalez-Camacho F, Luque D, Lobo CA, Montero E. Severe babesiosis in immunocompetent man, Spain, 2011. Emerging Infect Dis. 2014 Apr;20(4):724-6. DOI:10.3201/eid2004.131409; González LM, Castro E, Lobo CA, Richart A, Ramiro R, González-Camacho F, Luque D, Velasco AC, Montero E. First report of Babesia divergens infection in an HIV patient. Int J Infect Dis. 2015 Apr;33:202-4. DOI:10.1016/j.ijid.2015.02.005; Grabowski EF, Giardina PJ, Goldberg D, Masur H, Read SE, Hirsch RL, Benach JL. Babesiosis transmitted by a transfusion of frozen-thawed blood. Ann Intern Med. 1982 Apr;96(4):466-7. DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-96-4-446; Halperin JJ, Shapiro ED, Logigian E, Belman AL, Dotevall L, Wormser GP, Krupp L, Gronseth G, Bever CT Jr; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter: treatment of nervous system Lyme disease (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2007 Jul 3;69(1):91-102. DOI:10.1212/01.wnl.0000265517.66976.28; Häselbarth K, Tenter AM, Brade V, Krieger G, Hunfeld KP. First case of human babesiosis in Germany - Clinical presentation and molecular characterisation of the pathogen. Int J Med Microbiol. 2007 Jun;297(3):197-204. DOI:10.1016/j.ijmm.2007.01.002; Herwaldt BL, McGovern PC, Gerwel MP, Easton RM, MacGregor RR. Endemic babesiosis in another eastern state: New Jersey. Emerging Infect Dis. 2003 Feb;9(2):184-8. DOI:10.3201/eid0902.020271; Herwaldt BL, Linden JV, Bosserman E, Young C, Olkowska D, Wilson M. Transfusion-associated babesiosis in the United States: a description of cases. Ann Intern Med. 2011 Oct;155(8):509-19. DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00362; Hildebrandt A, Hunfeld KP. Humane Babesiose - eine seltene, aber potenziell gefährliche Zoonose [Human babesiosis - a rare but potentially dangerous zoonosis]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2014 May;139(18):957-62. DOI:10.1055/s-0034-1369936; Hildebrandt A, Tenter AM, Straube E, Hunfeld KP. Human babesiosis in Germany: just overlooked or truly new? Int J Med Microbiol. 2008; 298:336-46. DOI:10.1016/j.ijmm.2007.11.001; Hildebrandt A, Gray JS, Hunfeld K. Human Babesiosis in Europe: what clinicians need to know. Infection. 2013;41:1057-72. DOI:10.1007/s15010-013-0526-8; Hildebrandt A, Hunfeld KP, Baier M, Krumbholz A, Sachse S, Lorenzen T, Kiehntopf M, Fricke HJ, Straube E. First confirmed autochthonous case of human Babesia microti infection in Europe. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007 Aug;26(8):595-601. DOI:10.1007/s10096-007-0333-1; Hunfeld KP, Lambert A, Kampen H, Albert S, Epe C, Brade V, Tenter AM. Seroprevalence of Babesia infections in humans exposed to ticks in midwestern Germany. J Clin Microbiol. 2002 Jul;40(7):2431-6.; Hunfeld KP, Hildebrandt A, Gray JS. Babesiosis: recent insights into an ancient disease. Int J Parasitol. 2008 Sep;38(11):1219-37. DOI:10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.03.001; Jiang JF, Zheng YC, Jiang RR, Li H, Huo QB, Jiang BG, Sun Y, Jia N, Wang YW, Ma L, Liu HB, Chu YL, Ni XB, Liu K, Song YD, Yao NN, Wang H, Sun T, Cao WC. Epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of 48 cases of "Babesia venatorum" infection in China: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015 Feb;15(2):196-203. DOI:10.1016/S1473-3099(14)71046-1; Johnson ST, Cable RG, Tonnetti L, Spencer B, Rios J, Leiby DA. Seroprevalence of Babesia microti in blood donors from Babesia-endemic areas of the northeastern United States: 2000 through 2007. Transfusion. 2009 Dec;49(12):2574-82. DOI:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02430.x; Johnson ST, Cable RG, Leiby DA. Lookback investigations of Babesia microti-seropositive blood donors: seven-year experience in a Babesia-endemic area. Transfusion. 2012 Jul;52(7):1509-16. DOI:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03345.x; Joseph JT, Purtill K, Wong SJ, Munoz J, Teal A, Madison-Antenucci S, Horowitz HW, Aguero-Rosenfeld ME, Moore JM, Abramowsky C, Wormser GP. Vertical transmission of Babesia microti, United States. Emerging Infect Dis. 2012 Aug;18(8):1318-21. DOI:10.3201/eid1808.110988; Katz LM, Sayers M. Screening for babesiosis: where is the policy? Transfusion. 2014 Sep;54(9):2154-6. DOI:10.1111/trf.12807; Krause PJ, Telford S 3rd, Spielman A, Ryan R, Magera J, Rajan TV, Christianson D, Alberghini TV, Bow L, Persing D. Comparison of PCR with blood smear and inoculation of small animals for diagnosis of Babesia microti parasitemia. J Clin Microbiol. 1996 Nov;34(11):2791-4.; Krause PJ, Gewurz BE, Hill D, Marty FM, Vannier E, Foppa IM, Furman RR, Neuhaus E, Skowron G, Gupta S, McCalla C, Pesanti EL, Young M, Heiman D, Hsue G, Gelfand JA, Wormser GP, Dickason J, Bia FJ, Hartman B, Telford SR 3rd, Christianson D, Dardick K, Coleman M, Girotto JE, Spielman A. Persistent and relapsing babesiosis in immunocompromised patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Feb;46(3):370-6. DOI:10.1086/525852; Krause PJ, Lepore T, Sikand VK, Gadbaw J Jr, Burke G, Telford SR 3rd, Brassard P, Pearl D, Azlanzadeh J, Christianson D, McGrath D, Spielman A. Atovaquone and azithromycin for the treatment of babesiosis. N Engl J Med. 2000 Nov;343(20):1454-8. DOI:10.1056/NEJM200011163432004; Krause PJ, Telford SR 3rd, Ryan R, Hurta AB, Kwasnik I, Luger S, Niederman J, Gerber M, Spielman A. Geographical and temporal distribution of babesial infection in Connecticut. J Clin Microbiol. 1991 Jan;29(1):1-4.; Krause PJ, Telford SR 3rd, Ryan R, Conrad PA, Wilson M, Thomford JW, Spielman A. Diagnosis of babesiosis: evaluation of a serologic test for the detection of Babesia microti antibody. J Infect Dis. 1994 Apr;169(4):923-6. DOI:10.1093/infdis/169.4.923; Krause PJ, Ryan R, Telford S 3rd, Persing D, Spielman A. Efficacy of immunoglobulin M serodiagnostic test for rapid diagnosis of acute babesiosis. J Clin Microbiol. 1996 Aug;34(8):2014-6.; Krause PJ, Spielman A, Telford SR 3rd, Sikand VK, McKay K, Christianson D, Pollack RJ, Brassard P, Magera J, Ryan R, Persing DH. Persistent parasitemia after acute babesiosis. N Engl J Med. 1998 Jul;339(3):160-5. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199807163390304; Krause PJ, McKay K, Thompson CA, Sikand VK, Lentz R, Lepore T, Closter L, Christianson D, Telford SR, Persing D, Radolf JD, Spielman A; Deer-Associated Infection Study Group. Disease-specific diagnosis of coinfecting tickborne zoonoses: babesiosis, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, and Lyme disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2002 May;34(9):1184-91. DOI:10.1086/339813; Krause PJ, Telford SR 3rd, Spielman A, Sikand V, Ryan R, Christianson D, Burke G, Brassard P, Pollack R, Peck J, Persing DH. Concurrent Lyme disease and babesiosis. Evidence for increased severity and duration of illness. JAMA. 1996 Jun;275(21):1657-60. DOI:10.1001/jama.275.21.1657; Krause PJ, Vannier E. Transplacental Transmission of Human Babesiosis. Infect Dis Clin Pract. 2012;20:365-7. DOI:10.1097/IPC.0b013e3182769089; Krause PJ, Daily J, Telford SR, Vannier E, Lantos P, Spielman A. Shared features in the pathobiology of babesiosis and malaria. Trends Parasitol. 2007 Dec;23(12):605-10. DOI:10.1016/j.pt.2007.09.005; Leiby DA. Transfusion-associated babesiosis: shouldn't we be ticked off? Ann Intern Med. 2011 Oct;155(8):556-7. DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00363; Leiby DA, Johnson ST, Won KY, Nace EK, Slemenda SB, Pieniazek NJ, Cable RG, Herwaldt BL. A longitudinal study of Babesia microti infection in seropositive blood donors. Transfusion. 2014 Sep;54(9):2217-25. DOI:10.1111/trf.12622; Luckett R, Rodriguez W, Katz D. Babesiosis in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Aug;124(2 Pt 2 Suppl 1):419-22. DOI:10.1097/AOG.0000000000000222; Luo Y, Terkawi MA, Jia H, Aboge GO, Goo YK, Cao S, Li Y, Yu L, Ooka H, Kamyingkird K, Masatani T, Zhang S, Nishikawa Y, Igarashi I, Xuan X. A double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of secreted antigen 1 of Babesia microti using hamster model. Exp Parasitol. 2012 Feb;130(2):178-82. DOI:10.1016/j.exppara.2011.10.012; Malhotra I, Mungai P, Muchiri E, Kwiek JJ, Meshnick SR, King CL. Umbilical cord-blood infections with Plasmodium falciparum malaria are acquired antenatally in Kenya. J Infect Dis. 2006 Jul;194(2):176-83. DOI:10.1086/505150; Martinot M, Zadeh MM, Hansmann Y, Grawey I, Christmann D, Aguillon S, Jouglin M, Chauvin A, De Briel D. Babesiosis in immunocompetent patients, Europe. Emerging Infect Dis. 2011 Jan;17(1):114-6. DOI:10.3201/eid1701.100737; Matsui T, Inoue R, Kajimoto K, Tamekane A, Okamura A, Katayama Y, Shimoyama M, Chihara K, Saito-Ito A, Tsuji M. [First documentation of transfusion-associated babesiosis in Japan]. Rinsho Ketsueki. 2000 Aug;41(8):628-34.; Meldrum SC, Birkhead GS, White DJ, Benach JL, Morse DL. Human babesiosis in New York State: an epidemiological description of 136 cases. Clin Infect Dis. 1992 Dec;15(6):1019-23. DOI:10.1093/clind/15.6.1019; Mitteilungen des Arbeitskreises Blut des Bundesministeriums für Gesundheit. Arboprotozoen. Bundesgesundheitsbl. 2009;52:123-46. DOI:10.1007/s00103-009-0771-2; Mosqueda J, Olvera-Ramirez A, Aguilar-Tipacamu G, Canto GJ. Current advances in detection and treatment of babesiosis. Curr Med Chem. 2012;19(10):1504-18. DOI:10.2174/092986712799828355; Mørch K, Holmaas G, Frolander PS, Kristoffersen EK. Severe human Babesia divergens infection in Norway. Int J Infect Dis. 2015 Apr;33:37-8. DOI:10.1016/j.ijid.2014.12.034; Mylonakis E. When to suspect and how to monitor babesiosis. Am Fam Physician. 2001 May;63(10):1969-74.; O'Connell S, Lyons C, Abdou M, Patowary R, Aslam S, Kinsella N, Zintl A, Hunfeld KP, Wormser GP, Gray J, Merry C, Alizadeh H. Splenic dysfunction from celiac disease resulting in severe babesiosis. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2017 Jun;8(4):537-9. DOI:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.02.016; Piesman J, Spielman A. Human babesiosis on Nantucket Island: prevalence of Babesia microti in ticks. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1980 Sep;29(5):742-6.; Priest JW, Moss DM, Won K, Todd CW, Henderson L, Jones CC, Wilson M. Multiplex assay detection of immunoglobulin G antibodies that recognize Babesia microti antigens. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2012 Sep;19(9):1539-48. DOI:10.1128/CVI.00313-12; Ruebush TK 2nd, Chisholm ES, Sulzer AJ, Healy GR. Development and persistence of antibody in persons infected with Babesia microti. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1981 Jan;30(1):291-2. DOI:10.4269/ajtmh.1981.30.291; Ryan R, Krause PJ, Radolf J, Freeman K, Spielman A, Lenz R, Levin A. Diagnosis of babesiosis using an immunoblot serologic test. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2001 Nov;8(6):1177-80. DOI:10.1128/CDLI.8.6.1177-1180.2001; Schnittger L, Rodriguez AE, Florin-Christensen M, Morrison DA. Babesia: a world emerging. Infect Genet Evol. 2012 Dec;12(8):1788-809. DOI:10.1016/j.meegid.2012.07.004; Schuster FL. Cultivation of Babesia and Babesia-like blood parasites: agents of an emerging zoonotic disease. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002 Jul;15(3):365-73. DOI:10.1128/CMR.15.3.365-373.2002; Silaghi C, Woll D, Hamel D, Pfister K, Mahling M, Pfeffer M. Babesia spp. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in questing ticks, ticks parasitizing rodents and the parasitized rodents--analyzing the host-pathogen-vector interface in a metropolitan area. Parasit Vectors. 2012 Sep;5:191. DOI:10.1186/1756-3305-5-191; Skrabalo Z, Deanovic Z. Piroplasmosis in man; report of a case. Doc Med Geogr Trop. 1957 Mar;9(1):11-6.; Sonnleitner ST, Fritz J, Bednarska M, Baumgartner R, Simeoni J, Zelger R, Schennach H, Lass-Flörl C, Edelhofer R, Pfister K, Milhakov A, Walder G. Risk assessment of transfusion-associated babesiosis in Tyrol: appraisal by seroepidemiology and polymerase chain reaction. Transfusion. 2014 Jul;54(7):1725-32. DOI:10.1111/trf.12606; Tanyel E, Guler N, Hokelek M, Ulger F, Sunbul M. A case of severe babesiosis treated successfully with exchange transfusion. Int J Infect Dis. 2015 Sep;38:83-5. DOI:10.1016/j.ijid.2015.07.019; Tonnetti L, Thorp AM, Reddy HL, Keil SD, Goodrich RP, Leiby DA. Riboflavin and ultraviolet light reduce the infectivity of Babesia microti in whole blood. Transfusion. 2013 Apr;53(4):860-7. DOI:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03791.x; Tonnetti L, Eder AF, Dy B, Kennedy J, Pisciotto P, Benjamin RJ, Leiby DA. Transfusion-transmitted Babesia microti identified through hemovigilance. Transfusion. 2009 Dec;49(12):2557-63. DOI:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02317.x; Vannier E, Krause PJ. Update on babesiosis. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2009;2009:984568. DOI:10.1155/2009/984568; Vannier E, Krause PJ. Human babesiosis. N Engl J Med. 2012 Jun;366(25):2397-407. DOI:10.1056/NEJMra1202018; Vial HJ, Gorenflot A. Chemotherapy against babesiosis. Vet Parasitol. 2006 May;138(1-2):147-60. DOI:10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.01.048; Wang G, Wormser GP, Zhuge J, Villafuerte P, Ip D, Zeren C, Fallon JT. Utilization of a real-time PCR assay for diagnosis of Babesia microti infection in clinical practice. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2015 Apr;6(3):376-82. DOI:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.03.001; Weiss LM, Wittner M, Tanowitz HB. The treatment of babesiosis. N Engl J Med. 2001 Mar;344(10):773. DOI:10.1056/NEJM200103083441014; Welc-Faleciak R, Pawelczyk A, Radkowski M, et al. First report of two asymptomatic cases of human infection with Babesia microti (Franca, 1910) in Poland. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2015;22:51-4. DOI:10.5604/12321966.1141394; White DJ, Talarico J, Chang HG, Birkhead GS, Heimberger T, Morse DL. Human babesiosis in New York State: Review of 139 hospitalized cases and analysis of prognostic factors. Arch Intern Med. 1998 Oct;158(19):2149-54. DOI:10.1001/archinte.158.19.2149; Wilson M, Glaser KC, Adams-Fish D, Boley M, Mayda M, Molestina RE. Development of droplet digital PCR for the detection of Babesia microti and Babesia duncani. Exp Parasitol. 2015 Feb;149:24-31. DOI:10.1016/j.exppara.2014.12.003; Wormser GP, Prasad A, Neuhaus E, Joshi S, Nowakowski J, Nelson J, Mittleman A, Aguero-Rosenfeld M, Topal J, Krause PJ. Emergence of resistance to azithromycin-atovaquone in immunocompromised patients with Babesia microti infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Feb;50(3):381-6. DOI:10.1086/649859; Wormser GP, Dattwyler RJ, Shapiro ED, Halperin JJ, Steere AC, Klempner MS, Krause PJ, Bakken JS, Strle F, Stanek G, Bockenstedt L, Fish D, Dumler JS, Nadelman RB. The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Nov 1;43(9):1089-134. DOI:10.1086/508667; Zintl A, Mulcahy G, Skerrett HE, Taylor SM, Gray JS. Babesia divergens, a bovine blood parasite of veterinary and zoonotic importance. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003 Oct;16(4):622-36. DOI:10.1128/CMR.16.4.622-636.2003; http://dx.doi.org/10.3205/lab000027Test; http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0183-lab0000271Test; http://www.egms.de/en/journals/lab/2017-8/lab000027.shtmlTest