المؤلفون: David Milledge, Mick Andren, Jill Smith, David Scotts

المصدر: Australian Zoologist. 39:414-423

مصطلحات موضوعية: 0106 biological sciences, Extinction, biology, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Coastal development, Geography, Habitat, Threatened species, Potorous tridactylus, Potoroo, Animal Science and Zoology

الوصف: The Northern Long-nosed Potoroo Potorous tridactylus tridactylus is progressively disappearing from habitat remnants on the far north coast of New South Wales and is in danger of becoming ...

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_________::a5c820a43e10a354ccdb5a70923f544bTest
https://doi.org/10.7882/az.2018.010Test

المؤلفون: David Scotts, Jill Smith, David Milledge, Mick Andren

المصدر: Australian Zoologist. 36:494-506

مصطلحات موضوعية: Geography, biology, Habitat, Ecology, Threatened species, Potorous tridactylus, Potoroo, Conservation status, Animal Science and Zoology, Woodland, biology.organism_classification, Sandplain, Eucalyptus signata

الوصف: The Long-nosed Potoroo Potorous tridactylus tridactylus has declined substantially on the far north coast of New South Wales. In this study, the known and potential habitat of the Long-nosed Potoroo on the coastal sandplain in the region is mapped in detail for the first time. A total of 3,613 ha of potential habitat is distributed in 10 areas from 24 ha to 1,423 ha in size. Heathy Scribbly Gum Eucalyptus signata woodland was considered to be particularly significant habitat in the region. While there is evidence that eight of the areas mapped once supported potoroos, their presence has only been confirmed in four of them since 2000. Targeted survey at known sites where the Long-nosed Potoroo has not been recently confirmed is urgently required, as well as a thorough reassessment of its conservation status in the region. Ecological research into threats and food preferences, and implementation of targeted conservation management actions is also needed.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_________::3b2ff1c5e65ca486f4aba01c734014d3Test
https://doi.org/10.7882/az.2013.015Test

المؤلفون: Xiong Su, Jill Smith, Nada A. Abumrad, Raafat El-Maghrabi, Philip D. Stahl

المصدر: Journal of Biological Chemistry. 283:13578-13585

مصطلحات موضوعية: chemistry.chemical_classification, biology, CD36, Lysine, Fatty acid, hemic and immune systems, Cell Biology, Biochemistry, Protein ubiquitination, Insulin receptor, Oleic acid, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Free fatty acid receptor 1, parasitic diseases, biology.protein, adipocyte protein 2, Molecular Biology, circulatory and respiratory physiology

الوصف: FAT/CD36 is a membrane scavenger receptor that facilitates long chain fatty acid uptake by muscle. Acute increases in membrane CD36 and fatty acid uptake have been reported in response to insulin and contraction. In this study we have explored protein ubiquitination as one potential mechanism for the regulation of CD36 level. CD36 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) or HEK 293 cells was found to be polyubiquitinated via a process involving both lysines 48 and 63 of ubiquitin. Using CHO cells expressing the insulin receptor (CHO/hIR) and CD36, it is shown that addition of insulin (100 nm, 10 and 30 min) significantly reduced CD36 ubiquitination. In contrast, ubiquitination was strongly enhanced by fatty acids (200 μm palmitate or oleate, 2 h). Similarly, endogenous CD36 in C2C12 myotubes was ubiquitinated, and this was enhanced by oleic acid treatment, which also reduced total CD36 protein in cell lysates. Insulin reduced CD36 ubiquitination, increased CD36 protein, and inhibited the opposite effects of fatty acids on both parameters. These changes were paralleled by changes in fatty acid uptake, which could be blocked by the CD36 inhibitor sulfosuccinimidyl oleate. Mutation of the two lysine residues in the carboxyl-terminal tail of CD36 markedly attenuated ubiquitination of the protein expressed in CHO cells and was associated with increased CD36 level and enhanced oleate uptake and incorporation into triglycerides. In conclusion, fatty acids and insulin induce opposite alterations in CD36 ubiquitination, modulating CD36 level and fatty acid uptake. Altered CD36 turnover may contribute to abnormal fatty acid uptake in the insulin-resistant muscle.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_________::df13a77f353154cd7bbba4edb363051fTest
https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m800008200Test

المؤلفون: DS Latchman, F Groutsi, M. J. Robinson, R. H. Branston, Jill Smith, J. A. Palmer, C. E. Lilley, Robert S. Coffin

المصدر: Journal of Virology. 74:5604-5618

مصطلحات موضوعية: Gene Expression Regulation, Viral, Genetic Markers, Time Factors, Genetic Vectors, Immunology, Genome, Viral, Gene delivery, Biology, Virus Replication, medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, Virus, Cell Line, Injections, Viral Proteins, Transduction (genetics), Ribonucleases, Genes, Reporter, Cricetinae, Ganglia, Spinal, Virology, Peripheral Nervous System, Virus latency, medicine, Animals, Simplexvirus, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Motor Neurons, Herpes simplex virus protein vmw65, Gene Transfer Techniques, Herpes Simplex Virus Protein Vmw65, Gene Therapy, medicine.disease, Sciatic Nerve, Hindlimb, Virus Latency, Herpes simplex virus, medicine.anatomical_structure, Viral replication, Insect Science, Peripheral nervous system, Genetic Engineering, Gene Deletion

الوصف: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) has often been suggested as a suitable vector for gene delivery to the peripheral nervous system as it naturally infects sensory nerve terminals before retrograde transport to the cell body in the spinal ganglia where latency is established. HSV vectors might therefore be particularly appropriate for the study and treatment of chronic pain following vector administration by relatively noninvasive peripheral routes. However parameters allowing safe and efficient gene delivery to spinal ganglia following peripheral vector inoculation, or the long-term expression of delivered genes, have not been comprehensively studied. We have identified combinations of deletions from the HSV genome which allow highly efficient gene delivery to spinal dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) following either footpad or sciatic nerve injection. These vectors have ICP34.5 deleted and have inactivating mutations in vmw65. We also report that peripheral replication is probably necessary for the efficient establishment of latency in vivo, as fully replication-incompetent HSV vectors allow efficient gene expression in DRGs only after peripheral inoculation at a high virus dose. Very low transduction efficiencies are otherwise achieved. In parallel, promoters have been developed that allow the long-term expression of individual or pairs of genes in DRGs by using elements from the latently active region of the virus to confer a long-term activity onto a number of promoters which otherwise function only in the short term. This work further defines elements and mechanisms within the latently active region that are necessary for long-term gene expression and for the first time allows multiple inserted genes to be expressed from HSV vectors during latency.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::a6faa8fdc2d9ef750d884e6ea2c6aaeaTest
https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.12.5604-5618.2000Test

المؤلفون: Laila Samady, Robert S. Coffin, C. E. Lilley, Yvonne McGrath, Steve Cleverley, Emanuela Costigliola, Jill Smith, David S. Latchman, Luci P. MacCormac, Benny Chain

المصدر: Journal of virology. 77(6)

مصطلحات موضوعية: CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, medicine.medical_treatment, viruses, Immunology, Genetic Vectors, HSL and HSV, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Lymphocyte Activation, Virus Replication, Microbiology, Virus, Cell Line, Immediate-Early Proteins, Viral Proteins, Immune system, Ribonucleases, Antigen, Virology, Cricetinae, Virus latency, medicine, Animals, Humans, Simplexvirus, Cells, Cultured, Immunotherapy, Dendritic cell, Dendritic Cells, medicine.disease, Herpes simplex virus, Insect Science, Pathogenesis and Immunity, Gene Deletion

الوصف: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infects dendritic cells (DC) efficiently but with minimal replication. HSV, therefore, appears to have evolved the ability to enter DC even though they are nonpermissive for virus growth. This provides a potential utility for HSV in delivering genes to DC for vaccination purposes and also suggests that the life cycle of HSV usually includes the infection of DC. However, DC infected with HSV usually lose the ability to become activated following infection (M. Salio, M. Cella, M. Suter, and A. Lanzavecchia, Eur. J. Immunol. 29:3245-3253, 1999; M. Kruse, O. Rosorius, F. Kratzer, G. Stelz, C. Kuhnt, G. Schuler, J. Hauber, and A. Steinkasserer, J. Virol. 74:7127-7136, 2000). We report that for DC to retain the ability to become activated following HSV infection, the virion host shutoff protein (vhs) must be deleted. vhs usually functions to destabilize mRNA in favor of the production of HSV proteins in permissive cells. We have found that it also plays a key role in the inactivation of DC and is therefore likely to be important for immune evasion by the virus. Here, vhs would be anticipated to prevent DC activation in the early stages of infection of an individual with HSV, reducing the induction of cellular immune responses and thus preventing virus clearance during repeated cycles of virus latency and reactivation. Based on this information, replication-incompetent HSV vectors with vhs deleted which allow activation of DC and the induction of specific T-cell responses to delivered antigens have been constructed. These responses are greater than if DC are loaded with antigen by incubation with recombinant protein.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::cace34fab1f5ab45f2cf340a2fc8245eTest
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12610151Test

المؤلفون: Jill Smith, Robert S. Coffin, Jaqueline S. de Belleroche, David S. Latchman, Marcus J.D. Wagstaff, Yollanda Collaço-Moraes

المصدر: The Journal of biological chemistry. 274(8)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Genetic Vectors, Apoptosis, Biochemistry, Neuroprotection, Viral vector, Cell Line, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Hsp27, Dorsal root ganglion, Heat shock protein, Cricetinae, medicine, Animals, Simplexvirus, Molecular Biology, Heat-Shock Proteins, Neurons, biology, Cell Biology, Molecular biology, Hsp70, Cell biology, Rats, Nerve growth factor, medicine.anatomical_structure, biology.protein

الوصف: Overexpression of the gene encoding the 70-kDa heat shock protein (hsp70) has previously been shown to protect neuronal cells against subsequent thermal or ischemic stress. It has no protective effect, however, against stimuli that induce apoptosis, although a mild heat shock (sufficient to induce hsp synthesis) does have a protective effect against apoptosis. We have prepared disabled herpes simplex virus-based vectors that are able to produce high level expression of individual hsps in infected neuronal cells without damaging effects. We have used these vectors to show that hsp27 and hsp56 (which have never previously been overexpressed in neuronal cells) as well as hsp70 can protect dorsal root ganglion neurons from thermal or ischemic stress. In contrast, only hsp27 can protect dorsal root ganglion neurons from apoptosis induced by nerve growth factor withdrawal, and hsp27 also protects the ND7 neuronal cell line from retinoic acid-induced apoptosis. However, hsp70 showed no protective effect against apoptosis in contrast to its anti-apoptotic effect in non-neuronal cell types. These results thus identify hsp27 as a novel neuroprotective factor and show that it can mediate this effect when delivered via a high efficiency viral vector.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::4abc2022d72d7454ef1c377693a78b5aTest
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9988753Test

المؤلفون: David S. Latchman, M. J. Robinson, C. E. Lilley, Jill Smith, Robert S. Coffin, Marcus J.D. Wagstaff

المصدر: Gene therapy. 5(11)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Genes, Viral, Transgene, Genetic Vectors, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Gene Expression, Herpesvirus 1, Human, Biology, Recombinant virus, Green fluorescent protein, Gene expression, Genetics, Animals, Vector (molecular biology), Transgenes, Encephalomyocarditis virus, Molecular Biology, Gene, Viral Structural Proteins, Reporter gene, Genetic Therapy, Molecular biology, Rats, Internal ribosome entry site, Luminescent Proteins, Lac Operon, Microscopy, Fluorescence, RNA, Ribosomal, Molecular Medicine

الوصف: The design of recombinant HSV-1 vectors for delivery of transgenes to the central nervous system is undergoing constant development. Problems associated with the construction and use of such vectors include the requirement for detection of recombinant versus nonrecombinant virus in vitro and also the identification of transduced cells in vivo. This could be overcome by the insertion of reporter genes such as lacZ or green fluorescent protein (GFP) under a separate promoter to the transgene to be expressed. In this case, however, reporter gene expression does not necessarily confirm transgene expression as a separate RNA must be produced. This study reports the use of an encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosome entry site (IRES) to enable the translation of two reporter genes from a single mRNA transcript driven by the same promoter within a disabled HSV vector, and discusses the potential advantages of this approach.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::3849571856b9384366c08aac49662bb6Test
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9930311Test