يعرض 1 - 2 نتائج من 2 نتيجة بحث عن '"Spies C"', وقت الاستعلام: 1.53s تنقيح النتائج
  1. 1
    دورية أكاديمية

    المصدر: GMS German Medical Science; VOL: 13; DOC19 /20151112/

    العلاقة: Ahmed S, Leurent B, Sampson EL. Risk factors for incident delirium among older people in acute hospital medical units: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2014 May;43(3):326-33. DOI:10.1093/ageing/afu022; Aizawa K, Kanai T, Saikawa Y, Takabayashi T, Kawano Y, Miyazawa N, Yamamoto T. A novel approach to the prevention of postoperative delirium in the elderly after gastrointestinal surgery. Surg Today. 2002;32(4):310-4. DOI:10.1007/s005950200044; Al-Qadheeb NS, Balk EM, Fraser GL, Skrobik Y, Riker RR, Kress JP, Whitehead S, Devlin JW. Randomized ICU trials do not demonstrate an association between interventions that reduce delirium duration and short-term mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2014 Jun;42(6):1442-54. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0000000000000224; Albani A, Addamo P, Renghi A, Voltolin G, Peano L, Ivani G. Influenza sulla frequenza di allattamento al seno delle tecniche di anestesia regionale nel parto cesareo e nel parto per via vaginale [The effect on breastfeeding rate of regional anesthesia technique for cesarean and vaginal childbirth]. Minerva Anestesiol. 1999 Sep;65(9):625-30.; Arabi Y, Haddad S, Hawes R, Moore T, Pillay M, Naidu B, Issa A, Yeni B, Grant C, Alshimemeri A. Changing sedation practices in the intensive care unit--protocol implementation, multifaceted multidisciplinary approach and teamwork. Middle East J Anaesthesiol. 2007 Jun;19(2):429-47.; Arbour R. Continuous nervous system monitoring, EEG, the bispectral index, and neuromuscular transmission. AACN Clin Issues. 2003 May;14(2):185-207. DOI:10.1097/00044067-200305000-00009; Arias-Rivera S, Sánchez-Sánchez Mdel M, Santos-Díaz R, Gallardo-Murillo J, Sánchez-Izquierdo R, Frutos-Vivar F, Ferguson ND, Esteban A. Effect of a nursing-implemented sedation protocol on weaning outcome. Crit Care Med. 2008 Jul;36(7):2054-60. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31817bfd60; Asmussen S, Maybauer DM, Fraser JF, Jennings K, George S, Maybauer MO. A meta-analysis of analgesic and sedative effects of dexmedetomidine in burn patients. Burns. 2013 Jun;39(4):625-31. DOI:10.1016/j.burns.2013.01.008; Awissi DK, Bégin C, Moisan J, Lachaine J, Skrobik Y. I-SAVE study: impact of sedation, analgesia, and delirium protocols evaluated in the intensive care unit: an economic evaluation. Ann Pharmacother. 2012 Jan;46(1):21-8. DOI:10.1345/aph.1Q284; Bagley SM, Wachman EM, Holland E, Brogly SB. Review of the assessment and management of neonatal abstinence syndrome. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2014;9(1):19. DOI:10.1186/1940-0640-9-19; Bainbridge D, Martin JE, Cheng DC. Patient-controlled versus nurse-controlled analgesia after cardiac surgery--a meta-analysis. Can J Anaesth. 2006 May;53(5):492-9. DOI:10.1007/BF03022623; Balas MC, Happ MB, Yang W, Chelluri L, Richmond T. Outcomes Associated With Delirium in Older Patients in Surgical ICUs. Chest. 2009 Jan;135(1):18-25. DOI:10.1378/chest.08-1456; Balas MC, Deutschman CS, Sullivan-Marx EM, Strumpf NE, Alston RP, Richmond TS. Delirium in older patients in surgical intensive care units. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2007;39(2):147-54. DOI:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2007.00160.x; Ballantyne JC, Carr DB, deFerranti S, Suarez T, Lau J, Chalmers TC, Angelillo IF, Mosteller F. The comparative effects of postoperative analgesic therapies on pulmonary outcome: cumulative meta-analyses of randomized, controlled trials. Anesth Analg. 1998 Mar;86(3):598-612.; Balzer F, Weiß B, Kumpf O, Treskatsch S, Spies C, Wernecke KD, Krannich A, Kastrup M. Early deep sedation is associated with decreased in-hospital and two-year follow-up survival. Crit Care. 2015;19:197. DOI:10.1186/s13054-015-0929-2; Bar-Oz B, Bulkowstein M, Benyamini L, Greenberg R, Soriano I, Zimmerman D, Bortnik O, Berkovitch M. Use of antibiotic and analgesic drugs during lactation. Drug Saf. 2003;26(13):925-35. DOI:10.2165/00002018-200326130-00002; Barr J, Zomorodi K, Bertaccini EJ, Shafer SL, Geller E. A double-blind, randomized comparison of i.v. lorazepam versus midazolam for sedation of ICU patients via a pharmacologic model. Anesthesiology. 2001 Aug;95(2):286-98. DOI:10.1097/00000542-200108000-00007; Barr J, Fraser GL, Puntillo K, Ely EW, Gélinas C, Dasta JF, Davidson JE, Devlin JW, Kress JP, Joffe AM, Coursin DB, Herr DL, Tung A, Robinson BR, Fontaine DK, Ramsay MA, Riker RR, Sessler CN, Pun B, Skrobik Y, Jaeschke R; American College of Critical Care Medicine. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2013 Jan;41(1):263-306. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182783b72; Barry WS, Meinzinger MM, Howse CR. Ibuprofen overdose and exposure in utero: results from a postmarketing voluntary reporting system. Am J Med. 1984 Jul 13;77(1A):35-9. DOI:10.1016/S0002-9343(84)80016-9; Basler HD, Huger D, Kunz R, Luckmann J, Lukas A, Nikolaus T, Schuler MS. Beurteilung von Schmerz bei Demenz (BESD). Untersuchung zur Validitaet eines Verfahrens zur Beobachtung des Schmerzverhaltens [Assessment of pain in advanced dementia. Construct validity of the German PAINAD]. Schmerz. 2006 Nov;20(6):519-26. DOI:10.1007/s00482-006-0490-7; Bauer C, Kreuer S, Ketter R, Grundmann U, Wilhelm W.Remifentanil-Propofol- versus Fentanyl-Midazolam-Kombination bei intrakraniellen Eingriffen: Einfluss von Anästhesietechnik und Intensivanalgosedierung auf Beatmungszeiten und Dauer des Intensivaufenthalts [Remifentanil-propofol versus fentanyl-midazolam combinations for intracranial surgery: influence of anaesthesia technique and intensive sedation on ventilation times and duration of stay in the ICU]. Anaesthesist. 2007 Feb;56(2):128-32. DOI:10.1007/s00101-006-1130-4; Bayat A, Ramaiah R, Bhananker SM. Analgesia and sedation for children undergoing burn wound care. Expert Rev Neurother. 2010 Nov;10(11):1747-59. DOI:10.1586/ern.10.158; Bedi A, Murray JM, Dingley J, Stevenson MA, Fee JP. Use of xenon as a sedative for patients receiving critical care. Crit Care Med. 2003 Oct;31(10):2470-7. DOI:10.1097/01.CCM.0000089934.66049.76; Bein T. Lagerungstherapie zur Prophylaxe oder therapie von pulmonalen Funktionsstörungen. S2e-Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin (DGAI). Anästh Intensivmed. 2008;49(Suppl 1):S1-24.; Bell RF, Dahl JB, Moore RA, Kalso E. Perioperative ketamine for acute postoperative pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jan 25;(1):CD004603. Review. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;7:CD004603. DOI:10.1002/14651858.cd004603.pub2; Bellù R, de Waal KA, Zanini R. Opioids for neonates receiving mechanical ventilation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jan 23;(1):CD004212. DOI:10.1002/14651858.cd004212.pub3; Block BM, Liu SS, Rowlingson AJ, Cowan AR, Cowan JA Jr, Wu CL. Efficacy of postoperative epidural analgesia: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2003 Nov;290(18):2455-63. DOI:10.1001/jama.290.18.2455; Bourgoin A, Albanèse J, Wereszczynski N, Charbit M, Vialet R, Martin C. Safety of sedation with ketamine in severe head injury patients: comparison with sufentanil. Crit Care Med. 2003 Mar;31(3):711-7. DOI:10.1097/01.CCM.0000044505.24727.16; Brattebo G, Hofoss D, Flaatten H, Muri AK, Gjerde S, Plsek PE. Effect of a scoring system and protocol for sedation on duration of patients' need for ventilator support in a surgical intensive care unit. BMJ. 2002 Jun;324(7350):1386-9. DOI:10.1136/bmj.324.7350.1386; Bratton SL, Chestnut RM, Ghajar J, McConnell Hammond FF, Harris OA, Hartl R, Manley GT, Nemecek A, Newell DW, Rosenthal G, Schouten J, Shutter L, Timmons SD, Ullman JS, Videtta W, Wilberger JE, Wright DW. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. XV. Steroids. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24 Suppl 1:S91-5. DOI:10.1089/neu.2007.9981; Bratton SL, Chestnut RM, Ghajar J, McConnell Hammond FF, Harris OA, Hartl R, Manley GT, Nemecek A, Newell DW, Rosenthal G, Schouten J, Shutter L, Timmons SD, Ullman JS, Videtta W, Wilberger JE, Wright DW. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. XI. Anesthetics, analgesics, and sedatives. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24 Suppl 1:S71-6. DOI:10.1089/neu.2007.9985; Breau LM, McGrath PJ, Stevens B, Beyene J, Camfield C, Finley GA, Franck L, Gibbins S, Howlett A, McKeever P, O'Brien K, Ohlsson A. Judgments of pain in the neonatal intensive care setting: a survey of direct care staffs' perceptions of pain in infants at risk for neurological impairment. Clin J Pain. 2006 Feb;22(2):122-9.; Breau LM, McGrath PJ, Camfield CS, Finley GA. Psychometric properties of the non-communicating children's pain checklist-revised. Pain. 2002 Sep;99(1-2):349-57. DOI:10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00179-3; Briggs GG. Medication use during the perinatal period. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 1998 Nov-Dec;38(6):717-26; quiz 726-7.; Brodner G, Mertes N, Buerkle H, Marcus MA, Van Aken H. Acute pain management: analysis, implications and consequences after prospective experience with 6349 surgical patients. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2000 Sep;17(9):566-75. DOI:10.1097/00003643-200009000-00005; Brook AD, Ahrens TS, Schaiff R, Prentice D, Sherman G, Shannon W, Kollef MH. Effect of a nursing-implemented sedation protocol on the duration of mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med. 1999 Dec;27(12):2609-15. DOI:10.1097/00003246-199912000-00001; Brown RL, Henke A, Greenhalgh DG, Warden GD. The use of haloperidol in the agitated, critically ill pediatric patient with burns. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1996 Jan-Feb;17(1):34-8. DOI:10.1097/00004630-199601000-00009; Bruder EA, Ball IM, Ridi S, Pickett W, Hohl C. Single induction dose of etomidate versus other induction agents for endotracheal intubation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jan 8;1:CD010225. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD010225.pub2; Brull R, McCartney CJ, Chan VW, El-Beheiry H. Neurological complications after regional anesthesia: contemporary estimates of risk. Anesth Analg. 2007 Apr;104(4):965-74. DOI:10.1213/01.ane.0000258740.17193.ec; Brusseau R, McCann ME. Anaesthesia for urgent and emergency surgery. Early Hum Dev. 2010 Nov;86(11):703-14. DOI:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.08.008; Bucknall TK, Manias E, Presneill JJ. A randomized trial of protocol-directed sedation management for mechanical ventilation in an Australian intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2008 May;36(5):1444-50. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e318168f82d; Bundesärztekammer. Grundsätze zur ärztlichen Sterbebegleitung. Deutsches Ärzteblatt. 1998;95(39):A-2366-67. Available from: http://www.aerzteblatt.de/pdf.asp?id=13330Test; Burns SM, Earven S, Fisher C, Lewis R, Merrell P, Schubart JR, Truwit JD, Bleck TP; University of Virginia Long Term Mechanical Ventilation Team. Implementation of an institutional program to improve clinical and financial outcomes of mechanically ventilated patients: one-year outcomes and lessons learned. Crit Care Med. 2003 Dec;31(12):2752-63. DOI:10.1097/01.CCM.0000094217.07170.75; Burry L, Rose L, McCullagh IJ, Fergusson DA, Ferguson ND, Mehta S. Daily sedation interruption versus no daily sedation interruption for critically ill adult patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jul 9;7:CD009176. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD009176.pub2; But AK, Erdil F, Yucel A, Gedik E, Durmus M, Ersoy MO. The effects of single-dose tramadol on post-operative pain and morphine requirements after coronary artery bypass surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2007 May;51(5):601-6. DOI:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2007.01275.x; Buttner W, Finke W, Hilleke M, Reckert S, Vsianska L, Brambrink A. Entwicklung eines Fremdbeobachtungsbogens zur Beurteilung des postoperativen Schmerzes bei Saeuglingen [Development of an observational scale for assessment of postoperative pain in infants]. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther. 1998 Jun;33(6):353-61. DOI:10.1055/s-2007-994263; Buttner W, Finke W. Analysis of behavioural and physiological parameters for the assessment of postoperative analgesic demand in newborns, infants and young children: a comprehensive report on seven consecutive studies. Paediatr Anaesth. 2000;10(3):303-18. DOI:10.1046/j.1460-9592.2000.00530.x; Carlet J, Thijs LG, Antonelli M, Cassell J, Cox P, Hill N, Hinds C, Pimentel JM, Reinhart K, Thompson BT. Challenges in end-of-life care in the ICU. Statement of the 5th International Consensus Conference in Critical Care: Brussels, Belgium, April 2003. Intensive Care Med. 2004 May;30(5):770-84. DOI:10.1007/s00134-004-2241-5; Carrer S, Bocchi A, Candini M, Donegà L, Tartari S. Short term analgesia based sedation in the Intensive Care Unit: morphine vs remifentanil + morphine. Minerva Anestesiol. 2007 Jun;73(6):327-32.; Casey E, Lane A, Kuriakose D, McGeary S, Hayes N, Phelan D, Buggy D. Bolus remifentanil for chest drain removal in ICU: a randomized double-blind comparison of three modes of analgesia in post-cardiac surgical patients. Intensive Care Med. 2010 Aug;36(8):1380-5. DOI:10.1007/s00134-010-1836-2; Chanques G, Jaber S, Barbotte E, Violet S, Sebbane M, Perrigault PF, Mann C, Lefrant JY, Eledjam JJ. Impact of systematic evaluation of pain and agitation in an intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2006 Jun;34(6):1691-9. DOI:10.1097/01.CCM.0000218416.62457.56; Chew ML, Mulsant BH, Pollock BG. Serum anticholinergic activity and cognition in patients with moderate-to-severe dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;13(6):535-8. DOI:10.1176/appi.ajgp.13.6.535; Chlan LL, Weinert CR, Heiderscheit A, Tracy MF, Skaar DJ, Guttormson JL, Savik K. Effects of patient-directed music intervention on anxiety and sedative exposure in critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilatory support: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013 Jun;309(22):2335-44. DOI:10.1001/jama.2013.5670; Cignacco E, Hamers JP, Stoffel L, van Lingen RA, Gessler P, McDougall J, Nelle M. The efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions in the management of procedural pain in preterm and term neonates. A systematic literature review. Eur J Pain. 2007 Feb;11(2):139-52. DOI:10.1016/j.ejpain.2006.02.010; Citerio G, Cormio M. Sedation in neurointensive care: advances in understanding and practice. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2003 Apr;9(2):120-6. DOI:10.1097/00075198-200304000-00007; Cohen J, Royston D. Remifentanil. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2001 Aug;7(4):227-31. DOI:10.1097/00075198-200108000-00003; Cohen L, Athaide V, Wickham ME, Doyle-Waters MM, Rose NG, Hohl CM. The effect of ketamine on intracranial and cerebral perfusion pressure and health outcomes: a systematic review. Ann Emerg Med. 2015 Jan;65(1):43-51.e2. DOI:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.06.018; Colombo R, Corona A, Praga F, Minari C, Giannotti C, Castelli A, Raimondi F. A reorientation strategy for reducing delirium in the critically ill. Results of an interventional study. Minerva Anestesiol. 2012 Sep;78(9):1026-33.; Colwell C, Clark L, Perkins R. Postoperative use of pediatric pain scales: children's self-report versus nurse assessment of pain intensity and affect. J Pediatr Nurs. 1996 Dec;11(6):375-82. DOI:10.1016/S0882-5963(96)80082-0; Cotton BA, Guillamondegui OD, Fleming SB, Carpenter RO, Patel SH, Morris JA Jr, Arbogast PG. Increased risk of adrenal insufficiency following etomidate exposure in critically injured patients. Arch Surg. 2008 Jan;143(1):62-7; discussion 67. DOI:10.1001/archsurg.143.1.62; Cuignet O, Pirson J, Soudon O, Zizi M. Effects of gabapentin on morphine consumption and pain in severely burned patients. Burns. 2007 Feb;33(1):81-6. DOI:10.1016/j.burns.2006.04.020; Dale CR, Bryson CL, Fan VS, Maynard C, Yanez ND 3rd, Treggiari MM. A greater analgesia, sedation, delirium order set quality score is associated with a decreased duration of mechanical ventilation in cardiovascular surgery patients. Crit Care Med. 2013 Nov;41(11):2610-7. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31829a6ee7; Davidson AJ. Anesthesia and neurotoxicity to the developing brain: the clinical relevance. Paediatr Anaesth. 2011 Jul;21(7):716-21. DOI:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2010.03506.x; Deindl P, Unterasinger L, Kappler G, Werther T, Czaba C, Giordano V, Frantal S, Berger A, Pollak A, Olischar M. Successful implementation of a neonatal pain and sedation protocol at 2 NICUs. Pediatrics. 2013 Jul;132(1):e211-8. DOI:10.1542/peds.2012-2346; Del Sorbo L, Pisani L, Filippini C, Fanelli V, Fasano L, Terragni P, Dell'Amore A, Urbino R, Mascia L, Evangelista A, Antro C, D'Amato R, Sucre MJ, Simonetti U, Persico P, Nava S, Ranieri VM. Extracorporeal Co2 removal in hypercapnic patients at risk of noninvasive ventilation failure: a matched cohort study with historical control. Crit Care Med. 2015 Jan;43(1):120-7. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0000000000000607; Desai C, Wood FM, Schug SA, Parsons RW, Fridlender C, Sunderland VB. Effectiveness of a topical local anaesthetic spray as analgesia for dressing changes: a double-blinded randomised pilot trial comparing an emulsion with an aqueous lidocaine formulation. Burns. 2014 Feb;40(1):106-12. DOI:10.1016/j.burns.2013.05.013; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin. Leitlinie zu Grenzen der intensivmedizinischen Behandlungspflicht. Anästh Intensivmed. 1999;40:92-4.; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie. S3-Leitlinie Polytrauma/Schwerverletzten-Behandlung. AWMF; 2011. AWMF-Register Nr.012/019. Available from: http://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/012-019.htmlTest; Deutsche Interdisziplinäre Vereinigung für Schmerztherapie. S3-Leitlinie zur Behandlung akuter perioperativer und posttraumatischer Schmerzen. Stand: 21.05.2007 inkl. Änderungen vom 20. 04. 2009 [Internet]. AWMF; 2009. Available from: http://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/001-025.htmlTest; Dieye E, Minville V, Asehnoune K, Conil C, Georges B, Cougot P, Fourcade O, Conil JM. Pharmacodynamics of cisatracurium in the intensive care unit: an observational study. Ann Intensive Care. 2014;4(1):3. DOI:10.1186/2110-5820-4-3; DuBose JJ, Inaba K, Shiflett A, Trankiem C, Teixeira PG, Salim A, Rhee P, Demetriades D, Belzberg H. Measurable outcomes of quality improvement in the trauma intensive care unit: the impact of a daily quality rounding checklist. J Trauma. 2008 Jan;64(1):22-7; discussion 27-9. DOI:10.1097/TA.0b013e318161b0c8; Dunn MJ, Gwinnutt CL, Gray AJ. Critical care in the emergency department: patient transfer. Emerg Med J. 2007 Jan;24(1):40-4. DOI:10.1136/emj.2006.042044; de Wildt SN, de Hoog M, Vinks AA, Joosten KF, van Dijk M, van den Anker JN. Pharmacodynamics of midazolam in pediatric intensive care patients. Ther Drug Monit. 2005 Feb;27(1):98-102. DOI:10.1097/00007691-200502000-00018; Edrich T, Friedrich AD, Eltzschig HK, Felbinger TW. Ketamine for long-term sedation and analgesia of a burn patient. Anesth Analg. 2004 Sep;99(3):893-5, table of contents. DOI:10.1213/01.ANE.0000133002.42742.92; Eisenberg HM, Frankowski RF, Contant CF, Marshall LF, Walker MD. High-dose barbiturate control of elevated intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injury. J Neurosurg. 1988 Jul;69(1):15-23. DOI:10.3171/jns.1988.69.1.0015; Ely EW, Girard TD, Shintani AK, Jackson JC, Gordon SM, Thomason JW, Pun BT, Canonico AE, Light RW, Pandharipande P, Laskowitz DT. Apolipoprotein E4 polymorphism as a genetic predisposition to delirium in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2007 Jan;35(1):112-7. DOI:10.1097/01.CCM.0000251925.18961.CA; Ely EW, Truman B, Shintani A, Thomason JW, Wheeler AP, Gordon S, Francis J, Speroff T, Gautam S, Margolin R, Sessler CN, Dittus RS, Bernard GR. Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: reliability and validity of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS). JAMA. 2003 Jun;289(22):2983-91. DOI:10.1001/jama.289.22.2983; Ely EW, Shintani A, Truman B, Speroff T, Gordon SM, Harrell FE Jr, Inouye SK, Bernard GR, Dittus RS. Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit. JAMA. 2004 Apr;291(14):1753-62. DOI:10.1001/jama.291.14.1753; Ely EW, Baker AM, Dunagan DP, Burke HL, Smith AC, Kelly PT, Johnson MM, Browder RW, Bowton DL, Haponik EF. Effect on the duration of mechanical ventilation of identifying patients capable of breathing spontaneously. N Engl J Med. 1996 Dec;335(25):1864-9. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199612193352502; Fagin A, Palmieri T, Greenhalgh D, Sen S. A comparison of dexmedetomidine and midazolam for sedation in severe pediatric burn injury. J Burn Care Res. 2012 Nov-Dec;33(6):759-63. DOI:10.1097/BCR.0b013e318254d48e; Farrington EA, McGuinness GA, Johnson GF, Erenberg A, Leff RD. Continuous intravenous morphine infusion in postoperative newborn infants. Am J Perinatol. 1993 Jan;10(1):84-7. DOI:10.1055/s-2007-994711; Field T, Peck M, Krugman S, Tuchel T, Schanberg S, Kuhn C, Burman I. Burn injuries benefit from massage therapy. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1998 May-Jun;19(3):241-4. DOI:10.1097/00004630-199805000-00010; Franck LS, Harris SK, Soetenga DJ, Amling JK, Curley MA. The Withdrawal Assessment Tool-1 (WAT-1): an assessment instrument for monitoring opioid and benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms in pediatric patients. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2008 Nov;9(6):573-80. DOI:10.1097/PCC.0b013e31818c8328; Fraser GL, Devlin JW, Worby CP, Alhazzani W, Barr J, Dasta JF, Kress JP, Davidson JE, Spencer FA. Benzodiazepine versus nonbenzodiazepine-based sedation for mechanically ventilated, critically ill adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care Med. 2013 Sep;41(9 Suppl 1):S30-8. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182a16898; Frenay MC, Faymonville ME, Devlieger S, Albert A, Vanderkelen A. Psychological approaches during dressing changes of burned patients: a prospective randomised study comparing hypnosis against stress reducing strategy. Burns. 2001 Dec;27(8):793-9. DOI:10.1016/S0305-4179(01)00035-3; Friedman JI, Soleimani L, McGonigle DP, Egol C, Silverstein JH. Pharmacological treatments of non-substance-withdrawal delirium: a systematic review of prospective trials. Am J Psychiatry. 2014 Feb;171(2):151-9. DOI:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13040458; Friesner SA, Curry DM, Moddeman GR. Comparison of two pain-management strategies during chest tube removal: relaxation exercise with opioids and opioids alone. Heart Lung. 2006 Jul-Aug;35(4):269-76. DOI:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2005.10.005; Fuehner T, Kuehn C, Hadem J, Wiesner O, Gottlieb J, Tudorache I, Olsson KM, Greer M, Sommer W, Welte T, Haverich A, Hoeper MM, Warnecke G. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in awake patients as bridge to lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Apr;185(7):763-8. DOI:10.1164/rccm.201109-1599OC; Gabor JY, Cooper AB, Crombach SA, Lee B, Kadikar N, Bettger HE, Hanly PJ. Contribution of the intensive care unit environment to sleep disruption in mechanically ventilated patients and healthy subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003 Mar;167(5):708-15. DOI:10.1164/rccm.2201090; Gaiser R. Neonatal effects of labor analgesia. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2002;40(4):49-65. DOI:10.1097/00004311-200210000-00006; Gamberini M, Bolliger D, Lurati Buse GA, Burkhart CS, Grapow M, Gagneux A, Filipovic M, Seeberger MD, Pargger H, Siegemund M, Carrel T, Seiler WO, Berres M, Strebel SP, Monsch AU, Steiner LA. Rivastigmine for the prevention of postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery--a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med. 2009 May;37(5):1762-8. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31819da780; Giordano V, Deindl P, Kuttner S, Waldhör T, Berger A, Olischar M. The Neonatal Pain, Agitation and Sedation Scale reliably detected oversedation but failed to differentiate between other sedation levels. Acta Paediatr. 2014 Dec;103(12):e515-21. DOI:10.1111/apa.12770; Girard F, Moumdjian R, Boudreault D, Chouinard P, Bouthilier A, Sauvageau E, Ruel M, Girard DC. The effect of propofol sedation on the intracranial pressure of patients with an intracranial space-occupying lesion. Anesth Analg. 2004 Aug;99(2):573-7, table of contents. DOI:10.1213/01.ANE.0000133138.86133.38; Girard TD, Ely EW. Protocol-driven ventilator weaning: reviewing the evidence. Clin Chest Med. 2008 Jun;29(2):241-52, v. DOI:10.1016/j.ccm.2008.02.004; Girard TD, Kress JP, Fuchs BD, Thomason JW, Schweickert WD, Pun BT, Taichman DB, Dunn JG, Pohlman AS, Kinniry PA, Jackson JC, Canonico AE, Light RW, Shintani AK, Thompson JL, Gordon SM, Hall JB, Dittus RS, Bernard GR, Ely EW. Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awakening and Breathing Controlled trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008 Jan 12;371(9607):126-34. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60105-1; Girard TD, Pandharipande PP, Carson SS, Schmidt GA, Wright PE, Canonico AE, Pun BT, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Meltzer HY, Bernard GR, Dittus RS, Ely EW. MIND Trial Investigators. Feasibility, efficacy, and safety of antipsychotics for intensive care unit delirium: the MIND randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Crit Care Med. 2010 Feb;38(2):428-37. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181c58715; Girard TD, Pandharipande PP, Ely EW. Delirium in the intensive care unit. Crit Care. 2008;12 Suppl 3:S3. DOI:10.1186/cc6149; Girard TD, Jackson JC, Pandharipande PP, Pun BT, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Gordon SM, Canonico AE, Dittus RS, Bernard GR, Ely EW. Delirium as a predictor of long-term cognitive impairment in survivors of critical illness. Crit Care Med. 2010 Jul;38(7):1513-20. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181e47be1; Gogarten W, Van Aken H, Büttner J, Riess H, Wulf H, Bürkle H. Rückenmarksnahe Regionalanästhesien und Thromboembolieprophylaxe/antithrombotische Medikation. Anästh Intensivmed. 2007;48 Suppl. 4:109-24.; Gogarten W, Buerkle H, Van Aken H. The quality of epidural anesthesia is crucial in the assessment of perioperative outcome. Anesth Analg. 2003 Jul;97(1):298.; Gupta K, Gupta VK, Jayashree M, Muralindharan J, Singhi S. Randomized controlled trial of interrupted versus continuous sedative infusions in ventilated children. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2012 Mar;13(2):131-5. DOI:10.1097/PCC.0b013e31820aba48; Gupta P, Whiteside W, Sabati A, Tesoro TM, Gossett JM, Tobias JD, Roth SJ. Safety and efficacy of prolonged dexmedetomidine use in critically ill children with heart disease*. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2012 Nov;13(6):660-6. DOI:10.1097/PCC.0b013e318253c7f1; Halpern SH, Levine T, Wilson DB, MacDonell J, Katsiris SE, Leighton BL. Effect of labor analgesia on breastfeeding success. Birth. 1999 Jun;26(2):83-8. DOI:10.1046/j.1523-536x.1999.00083.x; Hanafy MA. Clinical evaluation of inhalational sedation following coronary artery bypass grafting. Egypt J Anaesth. 2005;21:237-42.; Harrison AM, Lugo RA, Lee WE, Appachi E, Bourdakos D, Davis SJ, McHugh MJ, Weise KL. The use of haloperidol in agitated critically ill children. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2002 Jan-Feb;41(1):51-4. DOI:10.1177/000992280204100111; Hartman ME, McCrory DC, Schulman SR. Efficacy of sedation regimens to facilitate mechanical ventilation in the pediatric intensive care unit: a systematic review. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2009 Mar;10(2):246-55. DOI:10.1097/PCC.0b013e31819a3bb9; Hatta K, Kishi Y, Wada K, Takeuchi T, Odawara T, Usui C, Nakamura H. DELIRIA-J Group. Preventive effects of ramelteon on delirium: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014 Apr;71(4):397-403. DOI:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.3320; Heegaard W, Fringer RC, Frascone RJ, Pippert G, Miner J. Bispectral index monitoring in helicopter emergency medical services patients. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2009 Apr-Jun;13(2):193-7. DOI:10.1080/10903120802706187; Hernandez-Reif M, Field T, Largie S, Hart S, Redzepi M, Nierenberg B, Peck TM. Childrens' distress during burn treatment is reduced by massage therapy. J Burn Care Rehabil. 2001 Mar-Apr;22(2):191-5.; Hernández-Gancedo C, Pestaña D, Peña N, Royo C, Pérez-Chrzanowska H, Criado A. Monitoring sedation in critically ill patients: bispectral index, Ramsay and observer scales. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2006 Aug;23(8):649-53. DOI:10.1017/s0265021506000056; Herr KA, Mobily PR, Kohout FJ, Wagenaar D. Evaluation of the Faces Pain Scale for use with the elderly. Clin J Pain. 1998 Mar;14(1):29-38. DOI:10.1097/00002508-199803000-00005; Hicks CL, von Baeyer CL, Spafford PA, van Korlaar I, Goodenough B. The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement. Pain. 2001 Aug;93(2):173-83. DOI:10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00314-1; Hildreth AN, Mejia VA, Maxwell RA, Smith PW, Dart BW, Barker DE. Adrenal suppression following a single dose of etomidate for rapid sequence induction: a prospective randomized study. J Trauma. 2008 Sep;65(3):573-9. DOI:10.1097/TA.0b013e31818255e8; Hillman BA, Tabrizi MN, Gauda EB, Carson KA, Aucott SW. The Neonatal Pain, Agitation and Sedation Scale and the bedside nurse's assessment of neonates. J Perinatol. 2015 Feb;35(2):128-31. DOI:10.1038/jp.2014.154; Ho KM, Ng JY. The use of propofol for medium and long-term sedation in critically ill adult patients: a meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2008 Nov;34(11):1969-79. DOI:10.1007/s00134-008-1186-5; Hogarth DK, Hall J. Management of sedation in mechanically ventilated patients. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2004 Feb;10(1):40-6. DOI:10.1097/00075198-200402000-00007; Hudcova J, McNicol E, Quah C, Lau J, Carr DB. Patient controlled opioid analgesia versus conventional opioid analgesia for postoperative pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD003348. DOI:10.1002/14651858.cd003348.pub2; Hummel P, van Dijk M. Pain assessment: current status and challenges. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2006 Aug;11(4):237-45. DOI:10.1016/j.siny.2006.02.004; Hummel P, Puchalski M, Creech SD, Weiss MG. Clinical reliability and validity of the N-PASS: neonatal pain, agitation and sedation scale with prolonged pain. J Perinatol. 2008 Jan;28(1):55-60. DOI:10.1038/sj.jp.7211861; Humphries Y, Melson M, Gore D. Superiority of oral ketamine as an analgesic and sedative for wound care procedures in the pediatric patient with burns. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1997 Jan-Feb;18(1 Pt 1):34-6. DOI:10.1097/00004630-199701000-00006; Hunt A, Goldman A, Seers K, Crichton N, Mastroyannopoulou K, Moffat V, Oulton K, Brady M. Clinical validation of the paediatric pain profile. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2004 Jan;46(1):9-18. DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2004.tb00428.x; Hünseler C, Balling G, Röhlig C, Blickheuser R, Trieschmann U, Lieser U, Dohna-Schwake C, Gebauer C, Möller O, Hering F, Hoehn T, Schubert S, Hentschel R, Huth RG, Müller A, Müller C, Wassmer G, Hahn M, Harnischmacher U, Behr J, Roth B. Clonidine Study Group. Continuous infusion of clonidine in ventilated newborns and infants: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2014 Jul;15(6):511-22. DOI:10.1097/PCC.0000000000000151; Ilkjaer S, Petersen KL, Brennum J, Wernberg M, Dahl JB. Effect of systemic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist (ketamine) on primary and secondary hyperalgesia in humans. Br J Anaesth. 1996 Jun;76(6):829-34. DOI:10.1093/bja/76.6.829; Inouye SK, Bogardus ST Jr, Charpentier PA, Leo-Summers L, Acampora D, Holford TR, Cooney LM Jr. A multicomponent intervention to prevent delirium in hospitalized older patients. N Engl J Med. 1999 Mar;340(9):669-76. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199903043400901; Inouye SK. A practical program for preventing delirium in hospitalized elderly patients. Cleve Clin J Med. 2004 Nov;71(11):890-6. DOI:10.3949/ccjm.71.11.890; Ista E, van Dijk M, Tibboel D, de Hoog M. Assessment of sedation levels in pediatric intensive care patients can be improved by using the COMFORT "behavior" scale. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2005 Jan;6(1):58-63. DOI:10.1097/01.PCC.0000149318.40279.1A; Ista E, van Dijk M, de Hoog M, Tibboel D, Duivenvoorden HJ. Construction of the Sophia Observation withdrawal Symptoms-scale (SOS) for critically ill children. Intensive Care Med. 2009 Jun;35(6):1075-81. DOI:10.1007/s00134-009-1487-3; Istaphanous GK, Ward CG, Loepke AW. The impact of the perioperative period on neurocognitive development, with a focus on pharmacological concerns. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2010 Sep;24(3):433-49. DOI:10.1016/j.bpa.2010.02.013; Jakob SM, Ruokonen E, Grounds RM, Sarapohja T, Garratt C, Pocock SJ, Bratty JR, Takala J. Dexmedetomidine for Long-Term Sedation Investigators. Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam or propofol for sedation during prolonged mechanical ventilation: two randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2012 Mar;307(11):1151-60. DOI:10.1001/jama.2012.304; Janssen NJ, Tan EY, Staal M, Janssen EP, Leroy PL, Lousberg R, van Os J, Schieveld JN. On the utility of diagnostic instruments for pediatric delirium in critical illness: an evaluation of the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium Scale, the Delirium Rating Scale 88, and the Delirium Rating Scale-Revised R-98. Intensive Care Med. 2011 Aug;37(8):1331-7. DOI:10.1007/s00134-011-2244-y; Johansson M, Kokinsky E. The COMFORT behavioural scale and the modified FLACC scale in paediatric intensive care. Nurs Crit Care. 2009 May-Jun;14(3):122-30. DOI:10.1111/j.1478-5153.2009.00323.x; Jorgensen H, Wetterslev J, Møiniche S, Dahl JB. Epidural local anaesthetics versus opioid-based analgesic regimens on postoperative gastrointestinal paralysis, PONV and pain after abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(4):CD001893. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD001893; Karabinis A, Mandragos K, Stergiopoulos S, Komnos A, Soukup J, Speelberg B, Kirkham AJ. Safety and efficacy of analgesia-based sedation with remifentanil versus standard hypnotic-based regimens in intensive care unit patients with brain injuries: a randomised, controlled trial [ISRCTN50308308]. Crit Care. 2004 Aug;8(4):R268-80. DOI:10.1186/cc2896; Kastrup M, von Dossow V, Seeling M, Ahlborn R, Tamarkin A, Conroy P, Boemke W, Wernecke KD, Spies C. Key performance indicators in intensive care medicine. A retrospective matched cohort study. J Int Med Res. 2009 Sep-Oct;37(5):1267-84. DOI:10.1177/147323000903700502; Khalifezadeh A, Safazadeh S, Mehrabi T, Mansour BA. Reviewing the effect of nursing interventions on delirious patients admitted to intensive care unit of neurosurgery ward in Al-Zahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2011;16(1):106-12.; Kluge S, Braune SA, Engel M, Nierhaus A, Frings D, Ebelt H, Uhrig A, Metschke M, Wegscheider K, Suttorp N, Rousseau S. Avoiding invasive mechanical ventilation by extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal in patients failing noninvasive ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 2012 Oct;38(10):1632-9. DOI:10.1007/s00134-012-2649-2; Kolenda H, Gremmelt A, Rading S, Braun U, Markakis E. Ketamine for analgosedative therapy in intensive care treatment of head-injured patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1996;138(10):1193-9. Erratum in: Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1997;139(12):1193. DOI:10.1007/BF01809750; Kong KL. Inhalational anesthetics in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Clin. 1995 Oct;11(4):887-902.; Kredel M, Bischof L, Wurmb TE, Roewer N, Muellenbach RM. Combination of positioning therapy and venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in ARDS patients. Perfusion. 2014 Mar;29(2):171-7. DOI:10.1177/0267659113502834; Kress JP, Pohlman AS, O'Connor MF, Hall JB. Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med. 2000 May;342(20):1471-7. DOI:10.1056/NEJM200005183422002; Lamas A, Lopez-Herce J. Monitoring sedation in the critically ill child. Anaesthesia. 2010 May;65(5):516-24. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2010.06263.x; Lauer KK, Connolly LA, Schmeling WT. Opioid sedation does not alter intracranial pressure in head injured patients. Can J Anaesth. 1997 Sep;44(9):929-33. DOI:10.1007/BF03011963; LeBlanc JM, Dasta JF, Kane-Gill SL. Role of the bispectral index in sedation monitoring in the ICU. Ann Pharmacother. 2006 Mar;40(3):490-500. DOI:10.1345/aph.1E491; Lejeune C, Aubisson S, Simmat-Durand L, Cneude F, Piquet M, Gourarier L; Groupe d'Etudes Grossesse et addictions. Syndromes de sevrage des nouveau-nes de meres toxicomanes substituees par la methadone ou la buprenorphine haut dosage [Withdrawal syndromes of newborns of pregnant drug abusers maintained under methadone or high-dose buprenorphine: 246 cases]. Ann Med Interne (Paris). 2001 Nov;152 Suppl 7:21-7.; Lin Y, Chen J, Wang Z. Meta-analysis of factors which influence delirium following cardiac surgery. J Card Surg. 2012 Jul;27(4):481-92. DOI:10.1111/j.1540-8191.2012.01472.x; Loepke AW. Developmental neurotoxicity of sedatives and anesthetics: a concern for neonatal and pediatric critical care medicine? Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2010 Mar;11(2):217-26. DOI:10.1097/PCC.0b013e3181b80383; Loftus JR, Hill H, Cohen SE. Placental transfer and neonatal effects of epidural sufentanil and fentanyl administered with bupivacaine during labor. Anesthesiology. 1995 Aug;83(2):300-8. DOI:10.1097/00000542-199508000-00010; Lonergan E, Britton AM, Luxenberg J, Wyller T. Antipsychotics for delirium. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Apr 18;(2):CD005594. DOI:10.1002/14651858.cd005594.pub2; Lonergan E, Luxenberg J, Areosa Sastre A. Benzodiazepines for delirium. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Oct 7;(4). DOI:10.1002/14651858.cd006379.pub3; Luetz A, Heymann A, Radtke FM, Chenitir C, Neuhaus U, Nachtigall I, von Dossow V, Marz S, Eggers V, Heinz A, Wernecke KD, Spies CD. Different assessment tools for intensive care unit delirium: which score to use? Crit Care Med. 2010 Feb;38(2):409-18. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181cabb42; Luetz A, Goldmann A, Weber-Carstens S, Spies C. Weaning from mechanical ventilation and sedation. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2012 Apr;25(2):164-9. DOI:10.1097/ACO.0b013e32834f8ce7; Lynn A, Nespeca MK, Bratton SL, Strauss SG, Shen DD. Clearance of morphine in postoperative infants during intravenous infusion: the influence of age and surgery. Anesth Analg. 1998 May;86(5):958-63.; Machata AM, Illievich UM, Gustorff B, Gonano C, Fässler K, Spiss CK. Remifentanil for tracheal tube tolerance: a case control study. Anaesthesia. 2007 Aug;62(8):796-801. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.05100.x; Madadi P, Ross CJ, Hayden MR, Carleton BC, Gaedigk A, Leeder JS, Koren G. Pharmacogenetics of neonatal opioid toxicity following maternal use of codeine during breastfeeding: a case-control study. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Jan;85(1):31-5. DOI:10.1038/clpt.2008.157; Marshall J, Finn CA, Theodore AC. Impact of a clinical pharmacist-enforced intensive care unit sedation protocol on duration of mechanical ventilation and hospital stay. Crit Care Med. 2008 Feb;36(2):427-33. DOI:10.1097/01.CCM.0000300275.63811.B3; Martin J, Bäsell K, Bürkle H, Hommel J, Huth G, Kessler P, Kretz FJ, Putensen C, Quintel M, Tonner P, Tryba M, Scholz J, Schüttler J, Wappler F, Spies C. Analgesie und Sedierung in der Intensivmedizin - Kurzversion: S2-Leitlinien der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin. Anästhesiol Intensivmed. 2005;Suppl. 1:1-20.; Martorella G, Boitor M, Michaud C, Gélinas C. Feasibility and acceptability of hand massage therapy for pain management of postoperative cardiac surgery patients in the intensive care unit. Heart Lung. 2014 Sep-Oct;43(5):437-44. DOI:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2014.06.047; Massaro M, Pastore S, Ventura A, Barbi E. Pain in cognitively impaired children: a focus for general pediatricians. Eur J Pediatr. 2013 Jan;172(1):9-14. DOI:10.1007/s00431-012-1720-x; Matthes G, Bernhard M, Kanz KG, Waydhas C, Fischbacher M, Fischer M, Böttiger BW. Notfallnarkose, Atemwegsmanagement und Beatmung beim Polytrauma. Hintergrund und Kernaussagen der interdisziplinären S3-Leitlinie Polytrauma [Emergency anesthesia, airway management and ventilation in major trauma. Background and key messages of the interdisciplinary S3 guidelines for major trauma patients]. Unfallchirurg. 2012 Mar;115(3):251-64; quiz 265-6. DOI:10.1007/s00113-011-2138-z; McCunn M, Reynolds HN, Cottingham CA, Scalea TM, Habashi NM. Extracorporeal support in an adult with severe carbon monoxide poisoning and shock following smoke inhalation: a case report. Perfusion. 2000 Mar;15(2):169-73. DOI:10.1177/026765910001500213; Mehta S, Burry L, Cook D, Fergusson D, Steinberg M, Granton J, Herridge M, Ferguson N, Devlin J, Tanios M, Dodek P, Fowler R, Burns K, Jacka M, Olafson K, Skrobik Y, Hébert P, Sabri E, Meade M; SLEAP Investigators. Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. Daily sedation interruption in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients cared for with a sedation protocol: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012 Nov;308(19):1985-92. DOI:10.1001/jama.2012.13872; Mehta S, Cook D, Devlin JW, Skrobik Y, Meade M, Fergusson D, Herridge M, Steinberg M, Granton J, Ferguson N, Tanios M, Dodek P, Fowler R, Burns K, Jacka M, Olafson K, Mallick R, Reynolds S, Keenan S, Burry L; SLEAP Investigators; Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. Prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of delirium in mechanically ventilated adults. Crit Care Med. 2015 Mar;43(3):557-66. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0000000000000727; Meiser A, Laubenthal H. Inhalational anaesthetics in the ICU: theory and practice of inhalational sedation in the ICU, economics, risk-benefit. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2005 Sep;19(3):523-38. DOI:10.1016/j.bpa.2005.02.006; Memis D, Inal MT, Kavalci G, Sezer A, Sut N. Intravenous paracetamol reduced the use of opioids, extubation time, and opioid-related adverse effects after major surgery in intensive care unit. J Crit Care. 2010 Sep;25(3):458-62. DOI:10.1016/j.jcrc.2009.12.012; Millane TA, Bennett ED, Grounds RM. Isoflurane and propofol for long-term sedation in the intensive care unit. A crossover study. Anaesthesia. 1992 Sep;47(9):768-74. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1992.tb03254.x; Mirski MA, Hemstreet MK. Critical care sedation for neuroscience patients. J Neurol Sci. 2007 Oct;261(1-2):16-34. DOI:10.1016/j.jns.2007.04.028; Monitto CL, Greenberg RS, Kost-Byerly S, Wetzel R, Billett C, Lebet RM, Yaster M. The safety and efficacy of parent-/nurse-controlled analgesia in patients less than six years of age. Anesth Analg. 2000 Sep;91(3):573-9. DOI:10.1213/00000539-200009000-00014; Moore RP, Wester T, Sunder R, Schrock C, Park TS. Peri-operative pain management in children with cerebral palsy: comparative efficacy of epidural vs systemic analgesia protocols. Paediatr Anaesth. 2013 Aug;23(8):720-5. DOI:10.1111/pan.12187; Morris LD, Louw QA, Grimmer-Somers K. The effectiveness of virtual reality on reducing pain and anxiety in burn injury patients: a systematic review. Clin J Pain. 2009 Nov-Dec;25(9):815-26. DOI:10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181aaa909; Moyer DD. Review article: terminal delirium in geriatric patients with cancer at end of life. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2011 Feb;28(1):44-51. DOI:10.1177/1049909110376755; Muellejans B, Matthey T, Scholpp J, Schill M. Sedation in the intensive care unit with remifentanil/propofol versus midazolam/fentanyl: a randomised, open-label, pharmacoeconomic trial. Crit Care. 2006;10(3):R91. DOI:10.1186/cc4939; Needham DM, Korupolu R, Zanni JM, Pradhan P, Colantuoni E, Palmer JB, Brower RG, Fan E. Early physical medicine and rehabilitation for patients with acute respiratory failure: a quality improvement project. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010 Apr;91(4):536-42. DOI:10.1016/j.apmr.2010.01.002; Ng E, Taddio A, Ohlsson A. Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(1):CD002052. DOI:10.1002/14651858.cd002052; Niederhoff H, Zahradnik HP. Analgesics during pregnancy. Am J Med. 1983 Nov 14;75(5A):117-20. DOI:10.1016/0002-9343(83)90242-5; Nielsen GL, Sørensen HT, Larsen H, Pedersen L. Risk of adverse birth outcome and miscarriage in pregnant users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: population based observational study and case-control study. BMJ. 2001 Feb;322(7281):266-70. DOI:10.1136/bmj.322.7281.266; Notarianni LJ, Oldham HG, Bennett PN. Passage of paracetamol into breast milk and its subsequent metabolism by the neonate. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1987 Jul;24(1):63-7. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1987.tb03137.x; OCEBM Levels of Evidence Working Group. The Oxford 2011 Levels of Evidence. Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Available from: http://www.cebm.net/index.aspx?o=5653Test; Ouimet S, Kavanagh BP, Gottfried SB, Skrobik Y. Incidence, risk factors and consequences of ICU delirium. Intensive Care Med. 2007 Jan;33(1):66-73. DOI:10.1007/s00134-006-0399-8; Ouimet S, Riker R, Bergeron N, Bergeon N, Cossette M, Kavanagh B, Skrobik Y. Subsyndromal delirium in the ICU: evidence for a disease spectrum. Intensive Care Med. 2007 Jun;33(6):1007-13. DOI:10.1007/s00134-007-0618-y; Oyelese Y, Ananth CV. Postpartum hemorrhage: epidemiology, risk factors, and causes. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Mar;53(1):147-56. DOI:10.1097/GRF.0b013e3181cc406d; Oztekin S, Hepaguslar H, Kar AA, Ozzeybek D, Artikaslan O, Elar Z. Preemptive diclofenac reduces morphine use after remifentanil-based anaesthesia for tonsillectomy. Paediatr Anaesth. 2002 Oct;12(8):694-9. DOI:10.1046/j.1460-9592.2002.00950.x; Pandharipande P, Cotton BA, Shintani A, Thompson J, Pun BT, Morris JA Jr, Dittus R, Ely EW. Prevalence and risk factors for development of delirium in surgical and trauma intensive care unit patients. J Trauma. 2008 Jul;65(1):34-41. DOI:10.1097/TA.0b013e31814b2c4d; Pandharipande P, Shintani A, Peterson J, Pun BT, Wilkinson GR, Dittus RS, Bernard GR, Ely EW. Lorazepam is an independent risk factor for transitioning to delirium in intensive care unit patients. Anesthesiology. 2006 Jan;104(1):21-6. DOI:10.1097/00000542-200601000-00005; Pandharipande PP, Girard TD, Jackson JC, Morandi A, Thompson JL, Pun BT, Brummel NE, Hughes CG, Vasilevskis EE, Shintani AK, Moons KG, Geevarghese SK, Canonico A, Hopkins RO, Bernard GR, Dittus RS, Ely EW; BRAIN-ICU Study Investigators. Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness. N Engl J Med. 2013 Oct;369(14):1306-16. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1301372; Panitchote A, Tangvoraphonkchai K, Suebsoh N, Eamma W, Chanthonglarng B, Tiamkao S, Limpawattana P. Under-recognition of delirium in older adults by nurses in the intensive care unit setting. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2015 Oct;27(5):735-40. DOI:10.1007/s40520-015-0323-6; Parkinson L, Hughes J, Gill A, Billingham I, Ratcliffe J, Choonara I. A randomized controlled trial of sedation in the critically ill. Paediatr Anaesth. 1997;7(5):405-10. DOI:10.1046/j.1460-9592.1997.d01-109.x; Patel J, Baldwin J, Bunting P, Laha S. The effect of a multicomponent multidisciplinary bundle of interventions on sleep and delirium in medical and surgical intensive care patients. Anaesthesia. 2014 Jun;69(6):540-9. DOI:10.1111/anae.12638; Patel P, Sun L. Update on neonatal anesthetic neurotoxicity: insight into molecular mechanisms and relevance to humans. Anesthesiology. 2009 Apr;110(4):703-8. DOI:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31819c42a4; Perez-Barcena J, Llompart-Pou JA, Homar J, Abadal JM, Raurich JM, Frontera G, Brell M. Pentobarbital versus thiopental in the treatment of refractory intracranial hypertension in patients with traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care. 2008;12(4):R112. DOI:10.1186/cc6999; Perpiñá-Galvañ J, Richart-Martínez M. Scales for evaluating self-perceived anxiety levels in patients admitted to intensive care units: a review. Am J Crit Care. 2009 Nov;18(6):571-80. DOI:10.4037/ajcc2009682; Pesonen A, Suojaranta-Ylinen R, Hammaren E, Kontinen VK, Raivio P, Tarkkila P, Rosenberg PH. Pregabalin has an opioid-sparing effect in elderly patients after cardiac surgery: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Br J Anaesth. 2011 Jun;106(6):873-81. DOI:10.1093/bja/aer083; Peters JW, Koot HM, Grunau RE, de Boer J, van Druenen MJ, Tibboel D, Duivenvoorden HJ. Neonatal Facial Coding System for assessing postoperative pain in infants: item reduction is valid and feasible. Clin J Pain. 2003 Nov-Dec;19(6):353-63. DOI:10.1097/00002508-200311000-00003; Peterson JF, Pun BT, Dittus RS, Thomason JW, Jackson JC, Shintani AK, Ely EW. Delirium and its motoric subtypes: a study of 614 critically ill patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006 Mar;54(3):479-84. DOI:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.00621.x; Pham TN, Otto A, Young SR, Kramer CB, Heimbach DM, Gibran NS, Klein MB. Early withdrawal of life support in severe burn injury. J Burn Care Res. 2012 Jan-Feb;33(1):130-5. DOI:10.1097/BCR.0b013e31823e598d; Pickering AE, Bridge HS, Nolan J, Stoddart PA. Double-blind, placebo-controlled analgesic study of ibuprofen or rofecoxib in combination with paracetamol for tonsillectomy in children. Br J Anaesth. 2002 Jan;88(1):72-7. DOI:10.1093/bja/88.1.72; Piriyapatsom A, Bittner EA, Hines J, Schmidt UH. Sedation and paralysis. Respir Care. 2013 Jun;58(6):1024-37. DOI:10.4187/respcare.02232; Pisani MA, Murphy TE, Araujo KL, Slattum P, Van Ness PH, Inouye SK. Benzodiazepine and opioid use and the duration of intensive care unit delirium in an older population. Crit Care Med. 2009 Jan;37(1):177-83. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e318192fcf9; Pisani MA, Murphy TE, Van Ness PH, Araujo KL, Inouye SK. Characteristics associated with delirium in older patients in a medical intensive care unit. Arch Intern Med. 2007 Aug 13-27;167(15):1629-34. DOI:10.1001/archinte.167.15.1629; Playfor SD. Analgesia and sedation in critically ill children. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2008 Jun;93(3):87-92. DOI:10.1136/adc.2007.119628; Pöpping DM, Elia N, Marret E, Remy C, Tramèr MR. Protective effects of epidural analgesia on pulmonary complications after abdominal and thoracic surgery: a meta-analysis. Arch Surg. 2008 Oct;143(10):990-9; discussion 1000. DOI:10.1001/archsurg.143.10.990; Prakanrattana U, Prapaitrakool S. Efficacy of risperidone for prevention of postoperative delirium in cardiac surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2007 Oct;35(5):714-9.; Pun BT, Gordon SM, Peterson JF, Shintani AK, Jackson JC, Foss J, Harding SD, Bernard GR, Dittus RS, Ely EW. Large-scale implementation of sedation and delirium monitoring in the intensive care unit: a report from two medical centers. Crit Care Med. 2005 Jun;33(6):1199-205. DOI:10.1097/01.CCM.0000166867.78320.AC; Quenot JP, Ladoire S, Devoucoux F, Doise JM, Cailliod R, Cunin N, Aubé H, Blettery B, Charles PE. Effect of a nurse-implemented sedation protocol on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med. 2007 Sep;35(9):2031-6. DOI:10.1097/01.ccm.0000282733.83089.4d; Radtke FM, Heymann A, Franck M, Maechler F, Drews T, Luetz A, Nachtigall I, Wernecke KD, Spies CD. How to implement monitoring tools for sedation, pain and delirium in the intensive care unit: an experimental cohort study. Intensive Care Med. 2012 Dec;38(12):1974-81. DOI:10.1007/s00134-012-2658-1; Rahimi RA, Skrzat J, Reddy DR, Zanni JM, Fan E, Stephens RS, Needham DM. Physical rehabilitation of patients in the intensive care unit requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a small case series. Phys Ther. 2013 Feb;93(2):248-55. DOI:10.2522/ptj.20120336; Richardson P, Mustard L. The management of pain in the burns unit. Burns. 2009 Nov;35(7):921-36. DOI:10.1016/j.burns.2009.03.003; Richman PS, Baram D, Varela M, Glass PS. Sedation during mechanical ventilation: a trial of benzodiazepine and opiate in combination. Crit Care Med. 2006 May;34(5):1395-401. DOI:10.1097/01.CCM.0000215454.50964.F8; Riker RR, Fraser GL. Monitoring sedation, agitation, analgesia, neuromuscular blockade, and delirium in adult ICU patients. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;22(2):189-98. DOI:10.1055/s-2001-13832; Riker RR, Shehabi Y, Bokesch PM, Ceraso D, Wisemandle W, Koura F, Whitten P, Margolis BD, Byrne DW, Ely EW, Rocha MG; SEDCOM (Safety and Efficacy of Dexmedetomidine Compared With Midazolam) Study Group. Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam for sedation of critically ill patients: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2009 Feb;301(5):489-99. DOI:10.1001/jama.2009.56; Roberts DJ, Hall RI, Kramer AH, Robertson HL, Gallagher CN, Zygun DA. Sedation for critically ill adults with severe traumatic brain injury: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care Med. 2011 Dec;39(12):2743-51. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e318228236f; Roberts I. Barbiturates for acute traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD000033. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD000033; Robinson BR, Mueller EW, Henson K, Branson RD, Barsoum S, Tsuei BJ. An analgesia-delirium-sedation protocol for critically ill trauma patients reduces ventilator days and hospital length of stay. J Trauma. 2008 Sep;65(3):517-26. DOI:10.1097/TA.0b013e318181b8f6; Ruokonen E, Parviainen I, Jakob SM, Nunes S, Kaukonen M, Shepherd ST, Sarapohja T, Bratty JR, Takala J. "Dexmedetomidine for Continuous Sedation" Investigators. Dexmedetomidine versus propofol/midazolam for long-term sedation during mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 2009 Feb;35(2):282-90. DOI:10.1007/s00134-008-1296-0; Sackey PV, Martling CR, Granath F, Radell PJ. Prolonged isoflurane sedation of intensive care unit patients with the Anesthetic Conserving Device. Crit Care Med. 2004 Nov;32(11):2241-6.; Schellongowski P, Riss K, Staudinger T, Ullrich R, Krenn CG, Sitzwohl C, Bojic A, Wohlfarth P, Sperr WR, Rabitsch W, Aigner C, Taghavi S, Jaksch P, Klepetko W, Lang G. Extracorporeal CO2 removal as bridge to lung transplantation in life-threatening hypercapnia. Transpl Int. 2015 Mar;28(3):297-304. DOI:10.1111/tri.12486; Schenck CH, Mahowald MW. Injurious sleep behavior disorders (parasomnias) affecting patients on intensive care units. Intensive Care Med. 1991;17(4):219-24. DOI:10.1007/BF01709881; Schieveld JN, Leroy PL, van Os J, Nicolai J, Vos GD, Leentjens AF. Pediatric delirium in critical illness: phenomenology, clinical correlates and treatment response in 40 cases in the pediatric intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med. 2007 Jun;33(6):1033-40. DOI:10.1007/s00134-007-0637-8; Schönhofer B, Geiseler J, Dellweg D, Moerer O, Barchfeld T, Fuchs H, Karg O, Rosseau S, Sitter H, Weber-Carstens S, Westhoff M, Windisch W. [Prolonged weaning: S2k-guideline published by the German Respiratory Society]. Pneumologie. 2014 Jan;68(1):19-75. DOI:10.1055/s-0033-1359038; Schwartz ML, Tator CH, Rowed DW, Reid SR, Meguro K, Andrews DF. The University of Toronto head injury treatment study: a prospective, randomized comparison of pentobarbital and mannitol. Can J Neurol Sci. 1984 Nov;11(4):434-40.; Schweickert WD, Pohlman MC, Pohlman AS, Nigos C, Pawlik AJ, Esbrook CL, Spears L, Miller M, Franczyk M, Deprizio D, Schmidt GA, Bowman A, Barr R, McCallister KE, Hall JB, Kress JP. Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009 May 30;373(9678):1874-82. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60658-9; Sessler CN, Gosnell MS, Grap MJ, Brophy GM, O'Neal PV, Keane KA, Tesoro EP, Elswick RK. The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale: validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 Nov;166(10):1338-44. DOI:10.1164/rccm.2107138; Seymour CW, Pandharipande PP, Koestner T, Hudson LD, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Ely EW, Girard TD. Diurnal sedative changes during intensive care: impact on liberation from mechanical ventilation and delirium. Crit Care Med. 2012 Oct;40(10):2788-96. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31825b8ade; Seymour MP, Jefferies TM, Floyd AJ, Notarianni LJ. Routine determination of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in human milk using capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analyst. 1987 Apr;112(4):427-31. DOI:10.1039/an9871200427; Sharshar T, Citerio G, Andrews PJ, Chieregato A, Latronico N, Menon DK, Puybasset L, Sandroni C, Stevens RD. Neurological examination of critically ill patients: a pragmatic approach. Report of an ESICM expert panel. Intensive Care Med. 2014 Apr;40(4):484-95. DOI:10.1007/s00134-014-3214-y; Shehabi Y, Bellomo R, Reade MC, Bailey M, Bass F, Howe B, McArthur C, Murray L, Seppelt IM, Webb S, Weisbrodt L; Sedation Practice in Intensive Care Evaluation Study Investigators; Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group. Early goal-directed sedation versus standard sedation in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: a pilot study*. Crit Care Med. 2013 Aug;41(8):1983-91. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31828a437d; Shehabi Y, Bellomo R, Reade MC, Bailey M, Bass F, Howe B, McArthur C, Seppelt IM, Webb S, Weisbrodt L. Sedation Practice in Intensive Care Evaluation (SPICE) Study Investigators; ANZICS Clinical Trials Group. Early intensive care sedation predicts long-term mortality in ventilated critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Oct;186(8):724-31. DOI:10.1164/rccm.201203-0522OC; Shehabi Y, Riker RR, Bokesch PM, Wisemandle W, Shintani A, Ely EW; SEDCOM (Safety and Efficacy of Dexmedetomidine Compared With Midazolam) Study Group. Delirium duration and mortality in lightly sedated, mechanically ventilated intensive care patients. Crit Care Med. 2010 Dec;38(12):2311-8. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181f85759; Shehabi Y, Grant P, Wolfenden H, Hammond N, Bass F, Campbell M, Chen J. Prevalence of delirium with dexmedetomidine compared with morphine based therapy after cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial (DEXmedetomidine COmpared to Morphine-DEXCOM Study). Anesthesiology. 2009 Nov;111(5):1075-84. DOI:10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181b6a783; Shehabi Y, Chan L, Kadiman S, Alias A, Ismail WN, Tan MA, Khoo TM, Ali SB, Saman MA, Shaltut A, Tan CC, Yong CY, Bailey M; Sedation Practice in Intensive Care Evaluation (SPICE) Study Group investigators. Sedation depth and long-term mortality in mechanically ventilated critically ill adults: a prospective longitudinal multicentre cohort study. Intensive Care Med. 2013 May;39(5):910-8. DOI:10.1007/s00134-013-2830-2; Silver G, Traube C, Kearney J, Kelly D, Yoon MJ, Nash Moyal W, Gangopadhyay M, Shao H, Ward MJ. Detecting pediatric delirium: development of a rapid observational assessment tool. Intensive Care Med. 2012 Jun;38(6):1025-31. DOI:10.1007/s00134-012-2518-z; Skrobik Y, Ahern S, Leblanc M, Marquis F, Awissi DK, Kavanagh BP. Protocolized intensive care unit management of analgesia, sedation, and delirium improves analgesia and subsyndromal delirium rates. Anesth Analg. 2010 Aug;111(2):451-63. DOI:10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181d7e1b8; Smith HA, Brink E, Fuchs DC, Ely EW, Pandharipande PP. Pediatric delirium: monitoring and management in the pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2013 Jun;60(3):741-60. DOI:10.1016/j.pcl.2013.02.010; Smith HA, Boyd J, Fuchs DC, Melvin K, Berry P, Shintani A, Eden SK, Terrell MK, Boswell T, Wolfram K, Sopfe J, Barr FE, Pandharipande PP, Ely EW. Diagnosing delirium in critically ill children: Validity and reliability of the Pediatric Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit. Crit Care Med. 2011 Jan;39(1):150-7. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181feb489; Sommer W, Marsch G, Kaufeld T, Rontgen P, Beutel G, Tongers J, Warnecke G, Tudorache I, Schieffer B, Haverich A, Kuehn C. Cardiac awake extracorporeal life support-bridge to decision? Artif Organs. 2015 May;39(5):400-8. DOI:10.1111/aor.12396; Spencer EM, Willatts SM. Isoflurane for prolonged sedation in the intensive care unit; efficacy and safety. Intensive Care Med. 1992;18(7):415-21. DOI:10.1007/BF01694344; Spies CD, Dubisz N, Neumann T, Blum S, Müller C, Rommelspacher H, Brummer G, Specht M, Sanft C, Hannemann L, Striebel HW, Schaffartzik W. Therapy of alcohol withdrawal syndrome in intensive care unit patients following trauma: results of a prospective, randomized trial. Crit Care Med. 1996 Mar;24(3):414-22. DOI:10.1097/00003246-199603000-00009; Spies CD, Rommelspacher H. Alcohol withdrawal in the surgical patient: prevention and treatment. Anesth Analg. 1999 Apr;88(4):946-54.; Spies CD, Otter HE, Hüske B, Sinha P, Neumann T, Rettig J, Lenzenhuber E, Kox WJ, Sellers EM. Alcohol withdrawal severity is decreased by symptom-orientated adjusted bolus therapy in the ICU. Intensive Care Med. 2003 Dec;29(12):2230-8. DOI:10.1007/s00134-003-2033-3; Steer PL, Biddle CJ, Marley WS, Lantz RK, Sulik PL. Concentration of fentanyl in colostrum after an analgesic dose. Can J Anaesth. 1992 Mar;39(3):231-5. DOI:10.1007/BF03008782; Stevens B, Yamada J, Ohlsson A. Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(3):CD001069. DOI:10.1002/14651858.cd001069.pub2; Stevens B, McGrath P, Gibbins S, Beyene J, Breau L, Camfield C, Finley A, Franck L, Howlett A, McKeever P, O'Brien K, Ohlsson A, Yamada J. Procedural pain in newborns at risk for neurologic impairment. Pain. 2003 Sep;105(1-2):27-35.; Strom T, Martinussen T, Toft P. A protocol of no sedation for critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2010 Feb 6;375(9713):475-80. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)62072-9; Sun L. Early childhood general anaesthesia exposure and neurocognitive development. Br J Anaesth. 2010 Dec;105 Suppl 1:i61-8. DOI:10.1093/bja/aeq302; Swisher CB, Shah D, Sinha SR, Husain AM. Baseline EEG pattern on continuous ICU EEG monitoring and incidence of seizures. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;32(2):147-51. DOI:10.1097/WNP.0000000000000157; Tarkkila P, Saarnivaara L. Ketoprofen, diclofenac or ketorolac for pain after tonsillectomy in adults? Br J Anaesth. 1999 Jan;82(1):56-60. DOI:10.1093/bja/82.1.56; Taylor A, Walker C, Butt W. Can children recall their experiences of admission to an intensive care unit? Crit Care Resusc. 2000 Dec;2(4):253-9.; The ADAPTE Collaboration. The ADAPTE Process: Toolkit for Guideline Adaptation. Version 2.0. 2009. Available from: http://www.g-i-n.net/document-store/working-groups-documents/adaptation/adapte-resource-toolkit-guideline-adaptation-2-0.pdfTest; Thulstrup AM, Sørensen HT, Nielsen GL, Andersen L, Barrett D, Vilstrup H, Olsen J. Fetal growth and adverse birth outcomes in women receiving prescriptions for acetaminophen during pregnancy. EuroMap Study Group. Am J Perinatol. 1999;16(7):321-6. DOI:10.1055/s-2007-993879; Tipping CJ, Young PJ, Romero L, Saxena MK, Dulhunty J, Hodgson CL. A systematic review of measurements of physical function in critically ill adults. Crit Care Resusc. 2012 Dec;14(4):302-11.; Tobias JD, Berkenbosch JW. Sedation during mechanical ventilation in infants and children: dexmedetomidine versus midazolam. South Med J. 2004 May;97(5):451-5. DOI:10.1097/00007611-200405000-00007; Tramm R, Hodgson C, Ilic D, Sheldrake J, Pellegrino V. Identification and prevalence of PTSD risk factors in ECMO patients: A single centre study. Aust Crit Care. 2015 Feb;28(1):31-6. DOI:10.1016/j.aucc.2014.04.005; Triltsch AE, Welte M, von Homeyer P, Grosse J, Genähr A, Moshirzadeh M, Sidiropoulos A, Konertz W, Kox WJ, Spies CD. Bispectral index-guided sedation with dexmedetomidine in intensive care: a prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled phase II study. Crit Care Med. 2002 May;30(5):1007-14. DOI:10.1097/00003246-200205000-00009; Trogrlic Z, van der Jagt M, Bakker J, Balas MC, Ely EW, van der Voort PH, Ista E. A systematic review of implementation strategies for assessment, prevention, and management of ICU delirium and their effect on clinical outcomes. Crit Care. 2015;19:157. DOI:10.1186/s13054-015-0886-9; Tsui SL, Irwin MG, Wong CM, Fung SK, Hui TW, Ng KF, Chan WS, O'Reagan AM. An audit of the safety of an acute pain service. Anaesthesia. 1997 Nov;52(11):1042-7. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1997.232-az0371.x; Umunna BP, Tekwani K, Barounis D, Kettaneh N, Kulstad E. Ketamine for continuous sedation of mechanically ventilated patients. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2015 Jan-Mar;8(1):11-5. DOI:10.4103/0974-2700.145414; Van Rompaey B, Elseviers MM, Schuurmans MJ, Shortridge-Baggett LM, Truijen S, Bossaert L. Risk factors for delirium in intensive care patients: a prospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2009;13(3):R77. DOI:10.1186/cc7892; Van Rompaey B, Elseviers MM, Van Drom W, Fromont V, Jorens PG. The effect of earplugs during the night on the onset of delirium and sleep perception: a randomized controlled trial in intensive care patients. Crit Care. 2012;16(3):R73. DOI:10.1186/cc11330; Vandermeulen EP, Van Aken H, Vermylen J. Anticoagulants and spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1994 Dec;79(6):1165-77. DOI:10.1213/00000539-199412000-00024; Vasilevskis EE, Morandi A, Boehm L, Pandharipande PP, Girard TD, Jackson JC, Thompson JL, Shintani A, Gordon SM, Pun BT, Ely EW. Delirium and sedation recognition using validated instruments: reliability of bedside intensive care unit nursing assessments from 2007 to 2010. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 Nov;59 Suppl 2:S249-55. DOI:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03673.x; Verlaat CW, Heesen GP, Vet NJ, de Hoog M, van der Hoeven JG, Kox M, Pickkers P. Randomized controlled trial of daily interruption of sedatives in critically ill children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2014 Feb;24(2):151-6. DOI:10.1111/pan.12245; Viitanen H, Tuominen N, Vaaraniemi H, Nikanne E, Annila P. Analgesic efficacy of rectal acetaminophen and ibuprofen alone or in combination for paediatric day-case adenoidectomy. Br J Anaesth. 2003 Sep;91(3):363-7. DOI:10.1093/bja/aeg196; van Dijk M, de Boer JB, Koot HM, Tibboel D, Passchier J, Duivenvoorden HJ. The reliability and validity of the COMFORT scale as a postoperative pain instrument in 0 to 3-year-old infants. Pain. 2000 Feb;84(2-3):367-77. DOI:10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00239-0; van Dijk M, Roofthooft DW, Anand KJ, Guldemond F, de Graaf J, Simons S, de Jager Y, van Goudoever JB, Tibboel D. Taking up the challenge of measuring prolonged pain in (premature) neonates: the COMFORTneo scale seems promising. Clin J Pain. 2009 Sep;25(7):607-16. DOI:10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181a5b52a; van den Boogaard M, Schoonhoven L, van Achterberg T, van der Hoeven JG, Pickkers P. Haloperidol prophylaxis in critically ill patients with a high risk for delirium. Crit Care. 2013;17(1):R9. DOI:10.1186/cc11933; Wade D, Hardy R, Howell D, Mythen M. Identifying clinical and acute psychological risk factors for PTSD after critical care: a systematic review. Minerva Anestesiol. 2013 Aug;79(8):944-63.; Walder B, Elia N, Henzi I, Romand JR, Tramèr MR. A lack of evidence of superiority of propofol versus midazolam for sedation in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: a qualitative and quantitative systematic review. Anesth Analg. 2001 Apr;92(4):975-83. DOI:10.1097/00000539-200104000-00033; Wang HR, Woo YS, Bahk WM. Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of delirium. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2013 Jul;67(5):323-31. DOI:10.1111/pcn.12066; Wang W, Li HL, Wang DX, Zhu X, Li SL, Yao GQ, Chen KS, Gu XE, Zhu SN. Haloperidol prophylaxis decreases delirium incidence in elderly patients after noncardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial*. Crit Care Med. 2012 Mar;40(3):731-9. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182376e4f; Wang X, Ding X, Tong Y, Zong J, Zhao X, Ren H, Li Q. Ketamine does not increase intracranial pressure compared with opioids: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Anesth. 2014 Dec;28(6):821-7. DOI:10.1007/s00540-014-1845-3; Ward CG, Loepke AW. Anesthetics and sedatives: toxic or protective for the developing brain? Pharmacol Res. 2012 Mar;65(3):271-4. DOI:10.1016/j.phrs.2011.10.001; Ward JD, Becker DP, Miller JD, Choi SC, Marmarou A, Wood C, Newlon PG, Keenan R. Failure of prophylactic barbiturate coma in the treatment of severe head injury. J Neurosurg. 1985 Mar;62(3):383-8. DOI:10.3171/jns.1985.62.3.0383; Warden V, Hurley AC, Volicer L. Development and psychometric evaluation of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) scale. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2003 Jan-Feb;4(1):9-15. DOI:10.1097/01.JAM.0000043422.31640.F7; Warncke T, Stubhaug A, Jørum E. Ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, suppresses spatial and temporal properties of burn-induced secondary hyperalgesia in man: a double-blind, cross-over comparison with morphine and placebo. Pain. 1997 Aug;72(1-2):99-106. DOI:10.1016/S0304-3959(97)00006-7; Warner KJ, Cuschieri J, Jurkovich GJ, Bulger EM. Single-dose etomidate for rapid sequence intubation may impact outcome after severe injury. J Trauma. 2009 Jul;67(1):45-50. DOI:10.1097/TA.0b013e3181a92a70; Warren J, Fromm RE Jr, Orr RA, Rotello LC, Horst HM. American College of Critical Care Medicine. Guidelines for the inter- and intrahospital transport of critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2004 Jan;32(1):256-62. DOI:10.1097/01.CCM.0000104917.39204.0A; Wasiak J, Mahar P, McGuinness SK, Spinks A, Danilla S, Cleland H. Intravenous lidocaine for the treatment of background or procedural burn pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jun 13;6:CD005622. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD005622.pub3; Whalen LD, Di Gennaro JL, Irby GA, Yanay O, Zimmerman JJ. Long-term dexmedetomidine use and safety profile among critically ill children and neonates. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2014 Oct;15(8):706-14. DOI:10.1097/PCC.0000000000000200; Whitlock EL, Torres BA, Lin N, Helsten DL, Nadelson MR, Mashour GA, Avidan MS. Postoperative delirium in a substudy of cardiothoracic surgical patients in the BAG-RECALL clinical trial. Anesth Analg. 2014 Apr;118(4):809-17. DOI:10.1213/ANE.0000000000000028; Wielenga JM, De Vos R, de Leeuw R, De Haan RJ. COMFORT scale: a reliable and valid method to measure the amount of stress of ventilated preterm infants. Neonatal Netw. 2004 Mar-Apr;23(2):39-44. DOI:10.1891/0730-0832.23.2.39; Wijeysundera DN, Beattie WS, Austin PC, Hux JE, Laupacis A. Epidural anaesthesia and survival after intermediate-to-high risk non-cardiac surgery: a population-based cohort study. Lancet. 2008 Aug 16;372(9638):562-9. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61121-6; Wilcox ME, Brummel NE, Archer K, Ely EW, Jackson JC, Hopkins RO. Cognitive dysfunction in ICU patients: risk factors, predictors, and rehabilitation interventions. Crit Care Med. 2013 Sep;41(9 Suppl 1):S81-98. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182a16946; Witlox J, Eurelings LS, de Jonghe JF, Kalisvaart KJ, Eikelenboom P, van Gool WA. Delirium in elderly patients and the risk of postdischarge mortality, institutionalization, and dementia: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2010 Jul;304(4):443-51. DOI:10.1001/jama.2010.1013; Young C, Knudsen N, Hilton A, Reves JG. Sedation in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2000 Mar;28(3):854-66. DOI:10.1097/00003246-200003000-00041; Zhang Z, Pan L, Ni H. Impact of delirium on clinical outcome in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2013 Mar-Apr;35(2):105-11. DOI:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.11.003; http://dx.doi.org/10.3205/000223Test; http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0183-0002238Test; http://www.egms.de/en/journals/gms/2015-13/000223.shtmlTest

  2. 2
    دورية أكاديمية

    المصدر: GMS German Medical Science; VOL: 8; DOC02 /20100210/

    العلاقة: Aaron JN, Carlisle CC, Carskadon MA, Meyer TJ, Hill NS, Millman RP. Environmental noise as a cause of sleep disruption in an intermediate respiratory care unit. Sleep. 1996;19(9):707-10.; Aboutanos SZ, Duane TM, Malhotra AK, Borchers CT, Wakefield TA, Wolfe L, Aboutanos MB, Ivatury RR. Prospective evaluation of an extubation protocol in a trauma intensive care unit population. Am Surg. 2006;72(5):393-6.; Adams HA, Werner C. Vom Razemat zum Eutomer: (S)-Ketamin. Renaissance einer Substanz? [From the racemate to the eutomer: (S)-ketamine. Renaissance of a substance?]. Anaesthesist. 1997;46(12):1026-42. DOI:10.1007/s001010050503; Ahlers SJ, van Gulik L, van der Veen AM, van Dongen HP, Bruins P, Belitser SV, de Boer A, Tibboel D, Knibbe CA. Comparison of different pain scoring systems in critically ill patients in a general ICU. Crit Care. 2008;12(1):R15. DOI:10.1186/cc6789; Albanèse J, Viviand X, Potie F, Rey M, Alliez B, Martin C. Sufentanil, fentanyl, and alfentanil in head trauma patients: a study on cerebral hemodynamics. Crit Care Med. 1999;27(2):407-11. DOI:10.1097/00003246-199902000-00050; Albani A, Addamo P, Renghi A, Voltolin G, Peano L, Ivani G. [The effect on breastfeeding rate of regional anesthesia technique for cesarean and vaginal childbirth]. Minerva Anestesiol. 1999;65(9):625-30.; American Academy on Pediatrics; American Academy on Pediatric Dentistry. Guideline for monitoring and management of pediatric patients during and after sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Pediatr Dent. 2008-2009;30(7 Suppl):143-59.; Anand KJ, Aranda JV, Berde CB, Buckman S, Capparelli EV, Carlo W, Hummel P, Johnston CC, Lantos J, Tutag-Lehr V, Lynn AM, Maxwell LG, Oberlander TF, Raju TN, Soriano SG, Taddio A, Walco GA. Summary proceedings from the neonatal pain-control group. Pediatrics. 2006;117(3 Pt 2):S9-S22.; Arabi Y, Haddad S, Hawes R, Moore T, Pillay M, Naidu B, Issa A, Yeni B, Grant C, Alshimemeri A. Changing sedation practices in the intensive care unit--protocol implementation, multifaceted multidisciplinary approach and teamwork. Middle East J Anesthesiol. 2007;19(2):429-47.; Arbour R. Continuous nervous system monitoring, EEG, the bispectral index, and neuromuscular transmission. AACN Clin Issues. 2003;14(2):185-207. DOI:10.1097/00044067-200305000-00009; Arzneimittelkommission der deutschen Ärzteschaft. Schwere unerwünschte Arzneimittelwirkungen nach Propofol-Infusionen zur Sedierung. Dtsch Arztebl. 2004;101:A-3447 / B-2911 / C-2759.; Aubrun F, Paqueron X, Langeron O, Coriat P, Riou B. What pain scales do nurses use in the postanaesthesia care unit? Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2003;20(9):745-9. DOI:10.1097/00003643-200309000-00012; Baillard C, Cohen Y, Le Toumelin P, Karoubi P, Hoang P, Ait Kaci F, Cupa M, Fosse JP. Rémifentanil-midazolam versus sufentanil-midazolam pour la sédation prolongée en réanimation [Remifentanil-midazolam compared to sufentanil-midazolam for ICU long-term sedation]. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 2005;24(5):480-6. DOI:10.1016/j.annfar.2005.02.027; Bainbridge D, Martin JE, Cheng DC. Patient-controlled versus nurse-controlled analgesia after cardiac surgery--a meta-analysis. Can J Anaesth. 2006;53(5):492-9. DOI:10.1007/BF03022623; Balas MC, Deutschman CS, Sullivan-Marx EM, Strumpf NE, Alston RP, Richmond TS. Delirium in older patients in surgical intensive care units. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2007;39(2):147-54. DOI:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2007.00160.x; Balas MC, Happ MB, Yang W, Chelluri L, Richmond T. Outcomes Associated With Delirium in Older Patients in Surgical ICUs. Chest. 2009;135(1):18-25. DOI:10.1378/chest.08-1456; Ballantyne JC, Carr DB, deFerranti S, Suarez T, Lau J, Chalmers TC, Angelillo IF, Mosteller F. The comparative effects of postoperative analgesic therapies on pulmonary outcome: cumulative meta-analyses of randomized, controlled trials. Anesth Analg. 1998;86(3):598-612. DOI:10.1097/00000539-199803000-00032; Bar-Oz B, Bulkowstein M, Benyamini L, Greenberg R, Soriano I, Zimmerman D, Bortnik O, Berkovitch M. Use of antibiotic and analgesic drugs during lactation. Drug Saf. 2003;26(13):925-35. DOI:10.2165/00002018-200326130-00002; Barckow D. Wirtschaftliche Grenzen der Intensivmedizin. Können wir uns Intensivmedizin im Jahre 2000 noch leisten? [Economic limits in intensive care. Can we still afford intensive care in the year 2000?]. Z Arztl Fortbild Qualitatssich. 2000;94(10):828-33.; Barry WS, Meinzinger MM, Howse CR. Ibuprofen overdose and exposure in utero: results from a postmarketing voluntary reporting system. Am J Med. 1984;77(1A):35-9.; Basler HD, Hüger D, Kunz R, Luckmann J, Lukas A, Nikolaus T, Schuler MS. Beurteilung von Schmerz bei Demenz (BESD). Untersuchung zur Validität eines Verfahrens zur Beobachtung des Schmerzverhaltens [Assessment of pain in advanced dementia. Construct validity of the German PAINAD]. Schmerz. 2006;20(6):519-26. DOI:10.1007/s00482-006-0490-7; Bauer C, Kreuer S, Ketter R, Grundmann U, Wilhelm W. Remifentanil-Propofol- versus Fentanyl-Midazolam-Kombination bei intrakraniellen Eingriffen: Einfluss von Anästhesietechnik und Intensivanalgosedierung auf Beatmungszeiten und Dauer des Intensivaufenthalts [Remifentanil-propofol versus fentanyl-midazolam combinations for intracranial surgery: influence of anaesthesia technique and intensive sedation on ventilation times and duration of stay in the ICU]. Anaesthesist. 2007;56(2):128-32. DOI:10.1007/s00101-006-1130-4; Beasley SW, Tibballs J. Efficacy and safety of continuous morphine infusion for postoperative analgesia in the paediatric surgical ward. Aust N Z J Surg. 1987;57(4):233-7. DOI:10.1111/j.1445-2197.1987.tb01346.x; Bedi A, Murray JM, Dingley J, Stevenson MA, Fee JP. Use of xenon as a sedative for patients receiving critical care. Crit Care Med. 2003;31(10):2470-7. DOI:10.1097/01.CCM.0000089934.66049.76; Bell RF, Dahl JB, Moore RA, Kalso E. Perioperative ketamine for acute postoperative pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(1):CD004603.; Bellù R, de Waal KA, Zanini R. Opioids for neonates receiving mechanical ventilation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1):CD004212. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD004212.pub3; Berde CB, Sethna NF. Analgesics for the treatment of pain in children. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(14):1094-103. DOI:10.1056/NEJMra012626; Bergeron N, Dubois MJ, Dumont M, Dial S, Skrobik Y. Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist: evaluation of a new screening tool. Intensive Care Med. 2001;27(5):859-64. DOI:10.1007/s001340100909; Birmingham PK, Wheeler M, Suresh S, Dsida RM, Rae BR, Obrecht J, Andreoni VA, Hall SC, Coté CJ. Patient-controlled epidural analgesia in children: can they do it? Anesth Analg. 2003;96(3):686-91, table of contents.; Block BM, Liu SS, Rowlingson AJ, Cowan AR, Cowan JA Jr, Wu CL. Efficacy of postoperative epidural analgesia: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2003;290(18):2455-63. DOI:10.1001/jama.290.18.2455; Bourgoin A, Albanèse J, Wereszczynski N, Charbit M, Vialet R, Martin C. Safety of sedation with ketamine in severe head injury patients: comparison with sufentanil. Crit Care Med. 2003;31(3):711-7. DOI:10.1097/01.CCM.0000044505.24727.16; Böhrer H, Bach A, Layer M, Werning P. Clonidine as a sedative adjunct in intensive care. Intensive Care Med. 1990;16(4):265-6. DOI:10.1007/BF01705163; Brain Trauma Foundation, editor. Guidelines for the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. New York: Brain Trauma Foundation; 2000.; Brattebø G, Hofoss D, Flaatten H, Muri AK, Gjerde S, Plsek PE. Effect of a scoring system and protocol for sedation on duration of patients' need for ventilator support in a surgical intensive care unit. BMJ. 2002;324(7350):1386-9. DOI:10.1136/bmj.324.7350.1386; Bratton SL, Chestnut RM, Ghajar J, McConnell Hammond FF, Harris OA, Hartl R, Manley GT, Nemecek A, Newell DW, Rosenthal G, Schouten J, Shutter L, Timmons SD, Ullman JS, Videtta W, Wilberger JE, Wright DW; Brain Trauma Foundation. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. XV. Steroids. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24 Suppl 1:S91-5.; Bratton SL, Chestnut RM, Ghajar J, McConnell Hammond FF, Harris OA, Hartl R, Manley GT, Nemecek A, Newell DW, Rosenthal G, Schouten J, Shutter L, Timmons SD, Ullman JS, Videtta W, Wilberger JE, Wright DW; Brain Trauma Foundation. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. XI. Anesthetics, analgesics, and sedatives. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24 Suppl 1:S71-6.; Breen D, Karabinis A, Malbrain M, Morais R, Albrecht S, Jarnvig IL, Parkinson P, Kirkham AJ. Decreased duration of mechanical ventilation when comparing analgesia-based sedation using remifentanil with standard hypnotic-based sedation for up to 10 days in intensive care unit patients: a randomised trial [ISRCTN47583497]. Crit Care. 2005;9(3):R200-10. DOI:10.1186/cc3495; Briggs GG. Medication use during the perinatal period. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 1998;38(6):717-26.; Brodner G, Pogatzki E, Van Aken H, Buerkle H, Goeters C, Schulzki C, Nottberg H, Mertes N. A multimodal approach to control postoperative pathophysiology and rehabilitation in patients undergoing abdominothoracic esophagectomy. Anesth Analg. 1998;86(2):228-34. DOI:10.1097/00000539-199802000-00002; Brook AD, Ahrens TS, Schaiff R, Prentice D, Sherman G, Shannon W, Kollef MH. Effect of a nursing-implemented sedation protocol on the duration of mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med. 1999;27(12):2609-15. DOI:10.1097/00003246-199912000-00001; Brown C, Albrecht R, Pettit H, McFadden T, Schermer C. Opioid and benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome in adult burn patients. Am Surg. 2000;66(4):367-70.; Brown RL, Henke A, Greenhalgh DG, Warden GD. The use of haloperidol in the agitated, critically ill pediatric patient with burns. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1996;17(1):34-8. DOI:10.1097/00004630-199601000-00009; Brull R, McCartney CJ, Chan VW, El-Beheiry H. Neurological complications after regional anesthesia: contemporary estimates of risk. Anesth Analg. 2007;104(4):965-74. DOI:10.1213/01.ane.0000258740.17193.ec; Bucknall TK, Manias E, Presneill JJ. A randomized trial of protocol-directed sedation management for mechanical ventilation in an Australian intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(5):1444-50. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e318168f82d; Bundesärztekammer. Grundsätze zur ärztlichen Sterbebegleitung. Dtsch Ärztebl. 1998;95:A-2365.; Burns SM, Earven S, Fisher C, Lewis R, Merrell P, Schubart JR, Truwit JD, Bleck TP; University of Virginia Long Term Mechanical Ventilation Team. Implementation of an institutional program to improve clinical and financial outcomes of mechanically ventilated patients: one-year outcomes and lessons learned. Crit Care Med. 2003;31(12):2752-63. DOI:10.1097/01.CCM.0000094217.07170.75; Büttner W, Finke W. Analysis of behavioural and physiological parameters for the assessment of postoperative analgesic demand in newborns, infants and young children: a comprehensive report on seven consecutive studies. Paediatr Anaesth. 2000;10(3):303-18. DOI:10.1046/j.1460-9592.2000.00530.x; Büttner W, Finke W, Hilleke M, Reckert S, Vsianska L, Brambrink A. Entwicklung eines Fremdbeobachtungsbogens zur Beurteilung des postoperativen Schmerzes bei Säuglingen [Development of an observational scale for assessment of postoperative pain in infants]. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther. 1998;33(6):353-61. DOI:10.1055/s-2007-994263; Carlet J, Thijs LG, Antonelli M, Cassell J, Cox P, Hill N, Hinds C, Pimentel JM, Reinhart K, Thompson BT. Challenges in end-of-life care in the ICU. Statement of the 5th International Consensus Conference in Critical Care: Brussels, Belgium, April 2003. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30(5):770-84. DOI:10.1007/s00134-004-2241-5; Carson SS, Kress JP, Rodgers JE, Vinayak A, Campbell-Bright S, Levitt J, Bourdet S, Ivanova A, Henderson AG, Pohlman A, Chang L, Rich PB, Hall J. A randomized trial of intermittent lorazepam versus propofol with daily interruption in mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(5):1326-32. DOI:10.1097/01.CCM.0000215513.63207.7F; Ceber M, Salihoglu T. Ketamine may be the first choice for anesthesia in burn patients. J Burn Care Res. 2006;27(5):760-2. DOI:10.1097/01.BCR.0000238091.41737.7C; Chan VS. A mechanistic perspective on the specificity and extent of COX-2 inhibition in pregnancy. Drug Saf. 2004;27(7):421-6. DOI:10.2165/00002018-200427070-00001; Chanques G, Jaber S, Barbotte E, Violet S, Sebbane M, Perrigault PF, Mann C, Lefrant JY, Eledjam JJ. Impact of systematic evaluation of pain and agitation in an intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(6):1691-9. DOI:10.1097/01.CCM.0000218416.62457.56; Cheng EY. The cost of sedating and paralyzing the critically ill patient. Crit Care Clin. 1995;11(4):1005-19.; Chew ML, Mulsant BH, Pollock BG. Serum anticholinergic activity and cognition in patients with moderate-to-severe dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;13(6):535-8.; Cignacco E, Hamers JP, Stoffel L, van Lingen RA, Gessler P, McDougall J, Nelle M. The efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions in the management of procedural pain in preterm and term neonates. A systematic literature review. Eur J Pain. 2007;11(2):139-52. DOI:10.1016/j.ejpain.2006.02.010; Citerio G, Cormio M. Sedation in neurointensive care: advances in understanding and practice. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2003;9(2):120-6. DOI:10.1097/00075198-200304000-00007; Cohen J, Royston D. Remifentanil. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2001;7(4):227-31. DOI:10.1097/00075198-200108000-00003; Colwell C, Clark L, Perkins R. Postoperative use of pediatric pain scales: children's self-report versus nurse assessment of pain intensity and affect. J Pediatr Nurs. 1996;11(6):375-82. DOI:10.1016/S0882-5963(96)80082-0; Coventry LL, Siffleet JM, Williams AM. Review of analgesia use in the intensive care unit after heart surgery. Crit Care Resusc. 2006;8(2):135-40.; Craig KD, Gilbert-Macleod CA, Lilley CM. Crying as an indicator of pain in infants. In: Barr RG, Hopkins B, Green JA, editors. Crying as a sign, a symptom and a signal. London: MacKeith Press; 2000. pp. 23-40.; Cuignet O, Pirson J, Soudon O, Zizi M. Effects of gabapentin on morphine consumption and pain in severely burned patients. Burns. 2007;33(1):81-6. DOI:10.1016/j.burns.2006.04.020; Dahaba AA, Grabner T, Rehak PH, List WF, Metzler H. Remifentanil versus morphine analgesia and sedation for mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: a randomized double blind study. Anesthesiology. 2004;101(3):640-6. DOI:10.1097/00000542-200409000-00012; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin (DGAI). Grenzen der intensivmedizinischen Behandlungsflicht. Anaesth Intensivmed. 1999;40:94-96.; Deutsche Interdisziplinäre Vereinigung für Schmerztherapie (DIVS). S3-Leitlinie zur Behandlung akuter perioperativer und posttraumatischer Schmerzen. AWMF. 2007. Available from: http://www.uni-duesseldorf.de/AWMF/ll/041-001.pdfTest; Deutschen Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin (DGAI). Rückenmarknahe Regionalanästhesien und tHromboembolieprophylaxe/ antithrombotische Medikation. Anaesth Intensivmed. 2007;48:109-124.; Devlin JW, Fong JJ, Fraser GL, Riker RR. Delirium assessment in the critically ill. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33(6):929-40. DOI:10.1007/s00134-007-0603-5; Duhn LJ, Medves JM. A systematic integrative review of infant pain assessment tools. Adv Neonatal Care. 2004;4(3):126-40.; de Wildt SN, de Hoog M, Vinks AA, Joosten KF, van Dijk M, van den Anker JN. Pharmacodynamics of midazolam in pediatric intensive care patients. Ther Drug Monit. 2005;27(1):98-102. DOI:10.1097/00007691-200502000-00018; den Brinker M, Joosten KF, Liem O, de Jong FH, Hop WC, Hazelzet JA, van Dijk M, Hokken-Koelega AC. Adrenal insufficiency in meningococcal sepsis: bioavailable cortisol levels and impact of interleukin-6 levels and intubation with etomidate on adrenal function and mortality. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(9):5110-7. DOI:10.1210/jc.2005-1107; Edrich T, Friedrich AD, Eltzschig HK, Felbinger TW. Ketamine for long-term sedation and analgesia of a burn patient. Anesth Analg. 2004;99(3):893-5, table of contents. DOI:10.1213/01.ANE.0000133002.42742.92; Ely EW, Shintani A, Truman B, Speroff T, Gordon SM, Harrell FE Jr, Inouye SK, Bernard GR, Dittus RS. Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit. JAMA. 2004;291(14):1753-62. DOI:10.1001/jama.291.14.1753; Ely EW, Inouye SK, Bernard GR, Gordon S, Francis J, May L, Truman B, Speroff T, Gautam S, Margolin R, Hart RP, Dittus R. Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: validity and reliability of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU). JAMA. 2001;286(21):2703-10. DOI:10.1001/jama.286.21.2703; Ely EW, Truman B, Shintani A, Thomason JW, Wheeler AP, Gordon S, Francis J, Speroff T, Gautam S, Margolin R, Sessler CN, Dittus RS, Bernard GR. Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: reliability and validity of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS). JAMA. 2003;289(22):2983-91. DOI:10.1001/jama.289.22.2983; Ely EW, Baker AM, Dunagan DP, Burke HL, Smith AC, Kelly PT, Johnson MM, Browder RW, Bowton DL, Haponik EF. Effect on the duration of mechanical ventilation of identifying patients capable of breathing spontaneously. N Engl J Med. 1996;335(25):1864-9. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199612193352502; Enblad P, Nilsson P, Chambers I, Citerio G, Fiddes H, Howells T, Kiening K, Ragauskas A, Sahuquillo J, Yau YH, Contant C, Piper I; Brain IT Group. R3-survey of traumatic brain injury management in European Brain IT centres year 2001. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30(6):1058-65. DOI:10.1007/s00134-004-2206-8; Engelhard K, Reeker W, Kochs E, Werner C. Effect of remifentanil on intracranial pressure and cerebral blood flow velocity in patients with head trauma. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2004;48(4):396-9. DOI:10.1111/j.0001-5172.2004.00348.x; Esmail Z, Montgomery C, Courtrn C, Hamilton D, Kestle J. Efficacy and complications of morphine infusions in postoperative paediatric patients. Paediatr Anaesth. 1999;9(4):321-7. DOI:10.1046/j.1460-9592.1999.00384.x; Europarat. Entwicklung einer Methodik für die Ausarbeitung von Leitlinien für die optimale medizinische Praxis. Z Arztl Fortbild Qualitatssich. 2002;96:1-60.; Farrington EA, McGuinness GA, Johnson GF, Erenberg A, Leff RD. Continuous intravenous morphine infusion in postoperative newborn infants. Am J Perinatol. 1993;10(1):84-7. DOI:10.1055/s-2007-994711; Field T, Peck M, Krugman S, Tuchel T, Schanberg S, Kuhn C, Burman I. Burn injuries benefit from massage therapy. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1998;19(3):241-4. DOI:10.1097/00004630-199805000-00010; Freedman NS, Gazendam J, Levan L, Pack AI, Schwab RJ. Abnormal sleep/wake cycles and the effect of environmental noise on sleep disruption in the intensive care unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163(2):451-7.; Frenay MC, Faymonville ME, Devlieger S, Albert A, Vanderkelen A. Psychological approaches during dressing changes of burned patients: a prospective randomised study comparing hypnosis against stress reducing strategy. Burns. 2001;27(8):793-9. DOI:10.1016/S0305-4179(01)00035-3; Gabor JY, Cooper AB, Crombach SA, Lee B, Kadikar N, Bettger HE, Hanly PJ. Contribution of the intensive care unit environment to sleep disruption in mechanically ventilated patients and healthy subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167(5):708-15. DOI:10.1164/rccm.2201090; Gadsden J, Hart S, Santos AC. Post-cesarean delivery analgesia. Anesth Analg. 2005;101(5 Suppl):S62-9. DOI:10.1213/01.ANE.0000177100.08599.C8; Gagliese L, Weizblit N, Ellis W, Chan VW. The measurement of postoperative pain: a comparison of intensity scales in younger and older surgical patients. Pain. 2005;117(3):412-20. DOI:10.1016/j.pain.2005.07.004; Gaiser R. Neonatal effects of labor analgesia. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2002;40(4):49-65.; Girard F, Moumdjian R, Boudreault D, Chouinard P, Bouthilier A, Sauvageau E, Ruel M, Girard DC. The effect of propofol sedation on the intracranial pressure of patients with an intracranial space-occupying lesion. Anesth Analg. 2004;99(2):573-7, table of contents. DOI:10.1213/01.ANE.0000133138.86133.38; Girard TD, Pandharipande PP, Ely EW. Delirium in the intensive care unit. Crit Care. 2008;12 Suppl 3:S3.; Girard TD, Kress JP, Fuchs BD, Thomason JW, Schweickert WD, Pun BT, Taichman DB, Dunn JG, Pohlman AS, Kinniry PA, Jackson JC, Canonico AE, Light RW, Shintani AK, Thompson JL, Gordon SM, Hall JB, Dittus RS, Bernard GR, Ely EW. Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awakening and Breathing Controlled trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;371(9607):126-34. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60105-1; Girard TD, Ely EW. Protocol-driven ventilator weaning: reviewing the evidence. Clin Chest Med. 2008;29(2):241-52, v. DOI:10.1016/j.ccm.2008.02.004; Gogarten W, Buerkle H, Van Aken H. The quality of epidural anesthesia is crucial in the assessment of perioperative outcome. Anesth Analg. 2003;97(1):298. DOI:10.1213/01.ANE.0000067926.62656.79; Grol R, Grimshaw J. Evidence-based implementation of evidence-based medicine. Jt Comm J Qual Improv. 1999;25(10):503-13.; Gupta V. Development and implementation of guidelines for management of sedation and agitation in critically ill patients. Pharm Pract Manag Q. 1999;19(1):19-27.; Halpern SH, Levine T, Wilson DB, MacDonell J, Katsiris SE, Leighton BL. Effect of labor analgesia on breastfeeding success. Birth. 1999;26(2):83-8. DOI:10.1046/j.1523-536x.1999.00083.x; Hanafy M. Clinical evaluation of inhalational sedation following coronary artery bypass grafting. Egyptian J of Anaesthesia. 2005;21:237-242.; Harrison AM, Lugo RA, Lee WE, Appachi E, Bourdakos D, Davis SJ, McHugh MJ, Weise KL. The use of haloperidol in agitated critically ill children. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2002;41(1):51-4. DOI:10.1177/000992280204100111; Hernandez-Reif M, Field T, Largie S, Hart S, Redzepi M, Nierenberg B, Peck TM. Childrens' distress during burn treatment is reduced by massage therapy. J Burn Care Rehabil. 2001;22(2):191-5. DOI:10.1097/00004630-200103000-00021; Hernández-Gancedo C, Pestaña D, Peña N, Royo C, Pérez-Chrzanowska H, Criado A. Monitoring sedation in critically ill patients: bispectral index, Ramsay and observer scales. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2006;23(8):649-53.; Herr KA, Mobily PR, Kohout FJ, Wagenaar D. Evaluation of the Faces Pain Scale for use with the elderly. Clin J Pain. 1998;14(1):29-38. DOI:10.1097/00002508-199803000-00005; Herr KA, Spratt K, Mobily PR, Richardson G. Pain intensity assessment in older adults: use of experimental pain to compare psychometric properties and usability of selected pain scales with younger adults. Clin J Pain. 2004;20(4):207-19. DOI:10.1097/00002508-200407000-00002; Hicks CL, von Baeyer CL, Spafford PA, van Korlaar I, Goodenough B. The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement. Pain. 2001;93(2):173-83. DOI:10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00314-1; Himmelseher S, Durieux ME. Revising a dogma: ketamine for patients with neurological injury? Anesth Analg. 2005;101(2):524-34, table of contents. DOI:10.1213/01.ANE.0000160585.43587.5B; Ho KM, Ng JY. The use of propofol for medium and long-term sedation in critically ill adult patients: a meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2008;34(11):1969-79. DOI:10.1007/s00134-008-1186-5; Hogarth DK, Hall J. Management of sedation in mechanically ventilated patients. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2004;10(1):40-6. DOI:10.1097/00075198-200402000-00007; Hudcova J, McNicol E, Quah C, Lau J, Carr DB. Patient controlled opioid analgesia versus conventional opioid analgesia for postoperative pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(4):CD003348.; Hummel P, Puchalski M, Creech SD, Weiss MG. Clinical reliability and validity of the N-PASS: neonatal pain, agitation and sedation scale with prolonged pain. J Perinatol. 2008;28(1):55-60. DOI:10.1038/sj.jp.7211861; Hummel P, van Dijk M. Pain assessment: current status and challenges. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2006;11(4):237-45. DOI:10.1016/j.siny.2006.02.004; Humphries Y, Melson M, Gore D. Superiority of oral ketamine as an analgesic and sedative for wound care procedures in the pediatric patient with burns. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1997;18(1 Pt 1):34-6. DOI:10.1097/00004630-199701000-00006; Hünseler C, Roth B. Medikamentöse und nichtmedikamentöse Schmerztherapie in der Neonatologie: Zusammenstellung der aktuellen Datenlage [Pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic pain-therapy in neonatology: synopsis of the current data]. Klin Padiatr. 2008;220(4):224-37. DOI:10.1055/s-2007-984376; Iapichino G, Radrizzani D, Bertolini G, Ferla L, Pasetti G, Pezzi A, Porta F, Miranda DR. Daily classification of the level of care. A method to describe clinical course of illness, use of resources and quality of intensive care assistance. Intensive Care Med. 2001;27(1):131-6. DOI:10.1007/s001340000776; Ilkjaer S, Petersen KL, Brennum J, Wernberg M, Dahl JB. Effect of systemic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist (ketamine) on primary and secondary hyperalgesia in humans. Br J Anaesth. 1996;76(6):829-34.; Inouye SK. A practical program for preventing delirium in hospitalized elderly patients. Cleve Clin J Med. 2004;71(11):890-6. DOI:10.3949/ccjm.71.11.890; Ista E, van Dijk M, Gamel C, Tibboel D, de Hoog M. Withdrawal symptoms in critically ill children after long-term administration of sedatives and/or analgesics: a first evaluation. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(8):2427-32. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e318181600d; Jackson JC, Gordon SM, Hart RP, Hopkins RO, Ely EW. The association between delirium and cognitive decline: a review of the empirical literature. Neuropsychol Rev. 2004;14(2):87-98. DOI:10.1023/B:NERV.0000028080.39602.17; Jacobi J, Fraser GL, Coursin DB, Riker RR, Fontaine D, Wittbrodt ET, Chalfin DB, Masica MF, Bjerke HS, Coplin WM, Crippen DW, Fuchs BD, Kelleher RM, Marik PE, Nasraway SA Jr, Murray MJ, Peruzzi WT, Lumb PD; Task Force of the American College of Critical Care Medicine (ACCM) of the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP), American College of Chest Physicians. Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult. Crit Care Med. 2002;30(1):119-41. DOI:10.1097/00003246-200201000-00020; Jakob SM, Lubszky S, Friolet R, Rothen HU, Kolarova A, Takala J. Sedation and weaning from mechanical ventilation: effects of process optimization outside a clinical trial. J Crit Care. 2007;22(3):219-28. DOI:10.1016/j.jcrc.2007.01.001; Jennett B. Epidemiology of head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1996;60(4):362-9. DOI:10.1136/jnnp.60.4.362; Jørgensen H, Wetterslev J, Møiniche S, Dahl JB. Epidural local anaesthetics versus opioid-based analgesic regimens on postoperative gastrointestinal paralysis, PONV and pain after abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(4):CD001893. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD001893; Kaindl AM, Asimiadou S, Manthey D, Hagen MV, Turski L, Ikonomidou C. Antiepileptic drugs and the developing brain. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2006;63(4):399-413. DOI:10.1007/s00018-005-5348-0; Kalisvaart KJ, de Jonghe JF, Bogaards MJ, Vreeswijk R, Egberts TC, Burger BJ, Eikelenboom P, van Gool WA. Haloperidol prophylaxis for elderly hip-surgery patients at risk for delirium: a randomized placebo-controlled study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(10):1658-66. DOI:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53503.x; Karabinis A, Mandragos K, Stergiopoulos S, Komnos A, Soukup J, Speelberg B, Kirkham AJ. Safety and efficacy of analgesia-based sedation with remifentanil versus standard hypnotic-based regimens in intensive care unit patients with brain injuries: a randomised, controlled trial [ISRCTN50308308]. Crit Care. 2004;8(4):R268-80. DOI:10.1186/cc2896; Kastrup M, von Dossow V, Seeling M, Ahlborn R, Tamarkin A, Conroy P, Boemke W, Wernecke KD, Spies C. Key performance indicators in intensive care medicine. A retrospective matched cohort study. J Int Med Res. 2009;37(5):1267-84.; Kloos HD, editor. Schmerzkonzepte von Kindern und Jugendlichen. Bern: Verlag Hans Huber; 1999. pp.173-182.; Kolenda H, Gremmelt A, Rading S, Braun U, Markakis E. Ketamine for analgosedative therapy in intensive care treatment of head-injured patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1996;138(10):1193-9. DOI:10.1007/BF01809750; Kollef MH, Levy NT, Ahrens TS, Schaiff R, Prentice D, Sherman G. The use of continuous i.v. sedation is associated with prolongation of mechanical ventilation. Chest. 1998;114(2):541-8. DOI:10.1378/chest.114.2.541; Kong KL, Willatts SM, Prys-Roberts C. Isoflurane compared with midazolam for sedation in the intensive care unit. BMJ. 1989;298(6683):1277-80. DOI:10.1136/bmj.298.6683.1277; Kress JP, Pohlman AS, O'Connor MF, Hall JB. Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(20):1471-7. DOI:10.1056/NEJM200005183422002; Lauer KK, Connolly LA, Schmeling WT. Opioid sedation does not alter intracranial pressure in head injured patients. Can J Anaesth. 1997;44(9):929-33. DOI:10.1007/BF03011963; LeBlanc JM, Dasta JF, Kane-Gill SL. Role of the bispectral index in sedation monitoring in the ICU. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40(3):490-500. DOI:10.1345/aph.1E491; Lejeune C, Aubisson S, Simmat-Durand L, Cneude F, Piquet M, Gourarier L; Groupe d'Etudes Grossesse et addictions. [Withdrawal syndromes of newborns of pregnant drug abusers maintained under methadone or high-dose buprenorphine: 246 cases]. Ann Med Interne (Paris). 2001;152 Suppl 7:21-7.; Loftus JR, Hill H, Cohen SE. Placental transfer and neonatal effects of epidural sufentanil and fentanyl administered with bupivacaine during labor. Anesthesiology. 1995;83(2):300-8. DOI:10.1097/00000542-199508000-00010; Lonergan E, Britton AM, Luxenberg J, Wyller T. Antipsychotics for delirium. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(2):CD005594.; Lonergan E, Luxenberg J, Areosa Sastre A, Wyller TB. Benzodiazepines for delirium. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(1):CD006379.; Luetz A, Heymann A, Radtke FM, Chenitir C, Neuhaus U, Nachtigall I, von Dossow V, Marz S, Eggers V, Heinz A, Wernecke KD, Spies CD. Different assessment tools for intensive care unit delirium: Which score to use? Crit Care Med. In press.; Lynn A, Nespeca MK, Bratton SL, Strauss SG, Shen DD. Clearance of morphine in postoperative infants during intravenous infusion: the influence of age and surgery. Anesth Analg. 1998;86(5):958-63. DOI:10.1097/00000539-199805000-00008; Madadi P, Ross CJ, Hayden MR, Carleton BC, Gaedigk A, Leeder JS, Koren G. Pharmacogenetics of neonatal opioid toxicity following maternal use of codeine during breastfeeding: a case-control study. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009;85(1):31-5. DOI:10.1038/clpt.2008.157; Malerba G, Romano-Girard F, Cravoisy A, Dousset B, Nace L, Lévy B, Bollaert PE. Risk factors of relative adrenocortical deficiency in intensive care patients needing mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 2005;31(3):388-92. DOI:10.1007/s00134-004-2550-8; Martin J, Bäsell K, Bürkle H, Hommel J, Huth G, Kessler P, Kretz FJ, Putensen C, Quintel M, Tonner P, Tryba M, Scholz J, Schüttler J, Wappler F, Spies C. S2-Leitlinien zur sedierenden und analgetischen Therapie im Rahmen der Intensivmedizin. Anaesth Intensivmed. 2005;46(Suppl 1):1-20.; Martin J, Franck M, Sigel S, Weiss M, Spies C. Changes in sedation management in German intensive care units between 2002 and 2006: a national follow-up survey. Crit Care. 2007;11(6):R124. DOI:10.1186/cc6189; Martini DR. Commentary: the diagnosis of delirium in pediatric patients. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;44(4):395-8.; McCollam JS, O'Neil MG, Norcross ED, Byrne TK, Reeves ST. Continuous infusions of lorazepam, midazolam, and propofol for sedation of the critically ill surgery trauma patient: a prospective, randomized comparison. Crit Care Med. 1999;27(11):2454-8. DOI:10.1097/00003246-199911000-00022; Meiser A, Sirtl C, Bellgardt M, Lohmann S, Garthoff A, Kaiser J, Hügler P, Laubenthal HJ. Desflurane compared with propofol for postoperative sedation in the intensive care unit. Br J Anaesth. 2003;90(3):273-80. DOI:10.1093/bja/aeg059; Milbrandt EB, Deppen S, Harrison PL, Shintani AK, Speroff T, Stiles RA, Truman B, Bernard GR, Dittus RS, Ely EW. Costs associated with delirium in mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med. 2004;32(4):955-62. DOI:10.1097/01.CCM.0000119429.16055.92; Mirski MA, Hemstreet MK. Critical care sedation for neuroscience patients. J Neurol Sci. 2007;261(1-2):16-34. DOI:10.1016/j.jns.2007.04.028; Monitto CL, Greenberg RS, Kost-Byerly S, Wetzel R, Billett C, Lebet RM, Yaster M. The safety and efficacy of parent-/nurse-controlled analgesia in patients less than six years of age. Anesth Analg. 2000;91(3):573-9. DOI:10.1097/00000539-200009000-00014; Muellejans B, Matthey T, Scholpp J, Schill M. Sedation in the intensive care unit with remifentanil/propofol versus midazolam/fentanyl: a randomised, open-label, pharmacoeconomic trial. Crit Care. 2006;10(3):R91. DOI:10.1186/cc4939; Ng E, Taddio A, Ohlsson A. Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(1):CD002052. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD002052; Niederhoff H, Zahradnik HP. Analgesics during pregnancy. Am J Med. 1983;75(5A):117-20. DOI:10.1016/0002-9343(83)90242-5; Nielsen GL, Sørensen HT, Larsen H, Pedersen L. Risk of adverse birth outcome and miscarriage in pregnant users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: population based observational study and case-control study. BMJ. 2001;322(7281):266-70. DOI:10.1136/bmj.322.7281.266; Notarianni LJ, Oldham HG, Bennett PN. Passage of paracetamol into breast milk and its subsequent metabolism by the neonate. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1987;24(1):63-7.; Oztekin S, Hepaguslar H, Kar AA, Ozzeybek D, Artikaslan O, Elar Z. Preemptive diclofenac reduces morphine use after remifentanil-based anaesthesia for tonsillectomy. Paediatr Anaesth. 2002;12(8):694-9. DOI:10.1046/j.1460-9592.2002.00950.x; Pandharipande P, Cotton BA, Shintani A, Thompson J, Pun BT, Morris JA Jr, Dittus R, Ely EW. Prevalence and risk factors for development of delirium in surgical and trauma intensive care unit patients. J Trauma. 2008;65(1):34-41. DOI:10.1097/TA.0b013e31814b2c4d; Parkinson L, Hughes J, Gill A, Billingham I, Ratcliffe J, Choonara I. A randomized controlled trial of sedation in the critically ill. Paediatr Anaesth. 1997;7(5):405-10. DOI:10.1046/j.1460-9592.1997.d01-109.x; Payen JF, Bru O, Bosson JL, Lagrasta A, Novel E, Deschaux I, Lavagne P, Jacquot C. Assessing pain in critically ill sedated patients by using a behavioral pain scale. Crit Care Med. 2001;29(12):2258-63. DOI:10.1097/00003246-200112000-00004; Peters JW, Koot HM, Grunau RE, de Boer J, van Druenen MJ, Tibboel D, Duivenvoorden HJ. Neonatal Facial Coding System for assessing postoperative pain in infants: item reduction is valid and feasible. Clin J Pain. 2003;19(6):353-63. DOI:10.1097/00002508-200311000-00003; Peterson JF, Pun BT, Dittus RS, Thomason JW, Jackson JC, Shintani AK, Ely EW. Delirium and its motoric subtypes: a study of 614 critically ill patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54(3):479-84. DOI:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.00621.x; Pickering AE, Bridge HS, Nolan J, Stoddart PA. Double-blind, placebo-controlled analgesic study of ibuprofen or rofecoxib in combination with paracetamol for tonsillectomy in children. Br J Anaesth. 2002;88(1):72-7. DOI:10.1093/bja/88.1.72; Plaschke K, von Haken R, Scholz M, Engelhardt R, Brobeil A, Martin E, Weigand MA. Comparison of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU) with the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC) for delirium in critical care patients gives high agreement rate(s). Intensive Care Med. 2008;34(3):431-6. DOI:10.1007/s00134-007-0920-8; Playfor SD. Analgesia and sedation in critically ill children. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2008;93(3):87-92. DOI:10.1136/adc.2007.119628; Pöpping DM, Elia N, Marret E, Remy C, Tramèr MR. Protective effects of epidural analgesia on pulmonary complications after abdominal and thoracic surgery: a meta-analysis. Arch Surg. 2008;143(10):990-9. DOI:10.1001/archsurg.143.10.990; Pronovost PJ, Berenholtz SM, Goeschel C, Thom I, Watson SR, Holzmueller CG, Lyon JS, Lubomski LH, Thompson DA, Needham D, Hyzy R, Welsh R, Roth G, Bander J, Morlock L, Sexton JB. Improving patient safety in intensive care units in Michigan. J Crit Care. 2008;23(2):207-21. DOI:10.1016/j.jcrc.2007.09.002; Pun BT, Gordon SM, Peterson JF, Shintani AK, Jackson JC, Foss J, Harding SD, Bernard GR, Dittus RS, Ely EW. Large-scale implementation of sedation and delirium monitoring in the intensive care unit: a report from two medical centers. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(6):1199-205. DOI:10.1097/01.CCM.0000166867.78320.AC; Quenot JP, Ladoire S, Devoucoux F, Doise JM, Cailliod R, Cunin N, Aubé H, Blettery B, Charles PE. Effect of a nurse-implemented sedation protocol on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(9):2031-6. DOI:10.1097/01.ccm.0000282733.83089.4d; Ray DC, McKeown DW. Effect of induction agent on vasopressor and steroid use, and outcome in patients with septic shock. Crit Care. 2007;11(3):R56. DOI:10.1186/cc5916; Richman PS, Baram D, Varela M, Glass PS. Sedation during mechanical ventilation: a trial of benzodiazepine and opiate in combination. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(5):1395-401. DOI:10.1097/01.CCM.0000215454.50964.F8; Rickels E, editor. Schädel-Hirn-Verletzung. Epidemiologie und Versorgung. Ergebnisse einer prospektiven Studie. Zuckschwerdt-Verlag; 2006.; Rizzoni G, Furlanut M. Cyanotic crises in a breast-fed infant from mother taking dipyrone. Hum Toxicol. 1984;3(6):505-7. DOI:10.1177/096032718400300605; Robinson BR, Mueller EW, Henson K, Branson RD, Barsoum S, Tsuei BJ. An analgesia-delirium-sedation protocol for critically ill trauma patients reduces ventilator days and hospital length of stay. J Trauma. 2008;65(3):517-26. DOI:10.1097/TA.0b013e318181b8f6; Roeder N, Hensen P, Hindle D, Loskamp N, Lakomek HJ. Instrumente zur Behandlungsoptimierung: Klinische Behandlungspfade [Clinical pathways: effective and efficient inpatient treatment]. Chirurg. 2003;74(12):1149-55. DOI:10.1007/s00104-003-0754-z; Rozendaal FW, Spronk PE, Snellen FF, Schoen A, van Zanten AR, Foudraine NA, Mulder PG, Bakker J; UltiSAFE investigators. Remifentanil-propofol analgo-sedation shortens duration of ventilation and length of ICU stay compared to a conventional regimen: a centre randomised, cross-over, open-label study in the Netherlands. Intensive Care Med. 2009;35(2):291-8. DOI:10.1007/s00134-008-1328-9; Röhm KD, Wolf MW, Schöllhorn T, Schellhaass A, Boldt J, Piper SN. Short-term sevoflurane sedation using the Anaesthetic Conserving Device after cardiothoracic surgery. Intensive Care Med. 2008;34(9):1683-9. DOI:10.1007/s00134-008-1157-x; Sackey PV, Martling CR, Granath F, Radell PJ. Prolonged isoflurane sedation of intensive care unit patients with the Anesthetic Conserving Device. Crit Care Med. 2004;32(11):2241-6.; Schieveld JN, Leroy PL, van Os J, Nicolai J, Vos GD, Leentjens AF. Pediatric delirium in critical illness: phenomenology, clinical correlates and treatment response in 40 cases in the pediatric intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33(6):1033-40. DOI:10.1007/s00134-007-0637-8; Schleppers A. DRG - ein leistungsbezogenes Vergütungssystem? ["Diagnosis related groups" efficiency-oriented reimbursement system?]. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther. 2000;35(6):351-3. DOI:10.1055/s-2000-3745; Schmittner MD, Vajkoczy SL, Horn P, Bertsch T, Quintel M, Vajkoczy P, Muench E. Effects of fentanyl and S(+)-ketamine on cerebral hemodynamics, gastrointestinal motility, and need of vasopressors in patients with intracranial pathologies: a pilot study. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2007;19(4):257-62. DOI:10.1097/ANA.0b013e31811f3feb; Sessler CN, Gosnell MS, Grap MJ, Brophy GM, O'Neal PV, Keane KA, Tesoro EP, Elswick RK. The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale: validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(10):1338-44. DOI:10.1164/rccm.2107138; Seymour MP, Jefferies TM, Floyd AJ, Notarianni LJ. Routine determination of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in human milk using capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analyst. 1987;112(4):427-31. DOI:10.1039/an9871200427; Soja SL, Pandharipande PP, Fleming SB, Cotton BA, Miller LR, Weaver SG, Lee BT, Ely EW. Implementation, reliability testing, and compliance monitoring of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit in trauma patients. Intensive Care Med. 2008;34(7):1263-8. DOI:10.1007/s00134-008-1031-x; Spencer EM, Willatts SM. Isoflurane for prolonged sedation in the intensive care unit; efficacy and safety. Intensive Care Med. 1992;18(7):415-21. DOI:10.1007/BF01694344; Spies CD, Otter HE, Hüske B, Sinha P, Neumann T, Rettig J, Lenzenhuber E, Kox WJ, Sellers EM. Alcohol withdrawal severity is decreased by symptom-orientated adjusted bolus therapy in the ICU. Intensive Care Med. 2003;29(12):2230-8. DOI:10.1007/s00134-003-2033-3; Spies CD, Neuner B, Neumann T, Blum S, Müller C, Rommelspacher H, Rieger A, Sanft C, Specht M, Hannemann L, Striebel HW, Schaffartzik W. Intercurrent complications in chronic alcoholic men admitted to the intensive care unit following trauma. Intensive Care Med. 1996;22(4):286-93. DOI:10.1007/BF01700448; Spies CD, Rommelspacher H, Winkler T, Müller C, Brummer G, Funk T, Berger G, Fell M, Blum S, Specht M, Hannemann L, Schaffartzik W. Beta-carbolines in chronic alcoholics following trauma. Addict Biol. 1996;1(1):93-103. DOI:10.1080/1355621961000124726; Spies CD, Rommelspacher H. Alcohol withdrawal in the surgical patient: prevention and treatment. Anesth Analg. 1999;88(4):946-54. DOI:10.1097/00000539-199904000-00050; Sprung CL, Annane D, Keh D, Moreno R, Singer M, Freivogel K, Weiss YG, Benbenishty J, Kalenka A, Forst H, Laterre PF, Reinhart K, Cuthbertson BH, Payen D, Briegel J; CORTICUS Study Group. Hydrocortisone therapy for patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(2):111-24. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa071366; Steer PL, Biddle CJ, Marley WS, Lantz RK, Sulik PL. Concentration of fentanyl in colostrum after an analgesic dose. Can J Anaesth. 1992 Mar;39(3):231-5. DOI:10.1007/BF03008782; Stevens B, Yamada J, Ohlsson A. Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(3):CD001069. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD001069.pub2; Stevens BJ, Pillai Riddel RR, Oberlander TE, Gibbins S. Assessment of pain in neonates and infants. In: Anand KJ, Stevens BJ, McGrath P, editors. Pain in neonates and infants. Edinburgh: Elsevier; 2007. pp 67-90.; Tarkkila P, Saarnivaara L. Ketoprofen, diclofenac or ketorolac for pain after tonsillectomy in adults? Br J Anaesth. 1999;82(1):56-60.; Thulstrup AM, Sørensen HT, Nielsen GL, Andersen L, Barrett D, Vilstrup H, Olsen J. Fetal growth and adverse birth outcomes in women receiving prescriptions for acetaminophen during pregnancy. EuroMap Study Group. Am J Perinatol. 1999;16(7):321-6. DOI:10.1055/s-2007-993879; Tobias JD. Continuous femoral nerve block to provide analgesia following femur fracture in a paediatric ICU population. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1994;22(5):616-8.; Truog RD, Campbell ML, Curtis JR, Haas CE, Luce JM, Rubenfeld GD, Rushton CH, Kaufman DC; American Academy of Critical Care Medicine. Recommendations for end-of-life care in the intensive care unit: a consensus statement by the American College [corrected] of Critical Care Medicine. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(3):953-63. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0B013E3181659096; Tsui SL, Irwin MG, Wong CM, Fung SK, Hui TW, Ng KF, Chan WS, O'Reagan AM. An audit of the safety of an acute pain service. Anaesthesia. 1997;52(11):1042-7. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1997.232-az0371.x; Vandermeulen EP, Van Aken H, Vermylen J. Anticoagulants and spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1994;79(6):1165-77. DOI:10.1213/00000539-199412000-00024; Viitanen H, Tuominen N, Vääräniemi H, Nikanne E, Annila P. Analgesic efficacy of rectal acetaminophen and ibuprofen alone or in combination for paediatric day-case adenoidectomy. Br J Anaesth. 2003;91(3):363-7. DOI:10.1093/bja/aeg196; Vinclair M, Broux C, Faure P, Brun J, Genty C, Jacquot C, Chabre O, Payen JF. Duration of adrenal inhibition following a single dose of etomidate in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2008;34(4):714-9. DOI:10.1007/s00134-007-0970-y; van Dijk M, de Boer JB, Koot HM, Tibboel D, Passchier J, Duivenvoorden HJ. The reliability and validity of the COMFORT scale as a postoperative pain instrument in 0 to 3-year-old infants. Pain. 2000;84(2-3):367-77. DOI:10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00239-0; Walder B, Elia N, Henzi I, Romand JR, Tramèr MR. A lack of evidence of superiority of propofol versus midazolam for sedation in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: a qualitative and quantitative systematic review. Anesth Analg. 2001;92(4):975-83. DOI:10.1097/00000539-200104000-00033; Warden V, Hurley AC, Volicer L. Development and psychometric evaluation of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) scale. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2003;4(1):9-15.; Warncke T, Stubhaug A, Jørum E. Ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, suppresses spatial and temporal properties of burn-induced secondary hyperalgesia in man: a double-blind, cross-over comparison with morphine and placebo. Pain. 1997;72(1-2):99-106. DOI:10.1016/S0304-3959(97)00006-7; Wasiak J, Cleland H. Lidocaine for pain relief in burn injured patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(3):CD005622. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD005622.pub2.; Weiss M, Iber T, Leidinger G, Marx N, Sehn D, Vagts DA. Personalbedarfsplanung in der Intensivmedizin im DRG-Zeitalter - ein neues leistungsorientiertes Kalkulationsmodell. Anaesth Intensivmed. 2008;6:41-51.; Werner C, Kochs E, Bause H, Hoffman WE, Schulte am Esch J. Effects of sufentanil on cerebral hemodynamics and intracranial pressure in patients with brain injury. Anesthesiology. 1995;83(4):721-6. DOI:10.1097/00000542-199510000-00011; Whipple JK, Lewis KS, Quebbeman EJ, Wolff M, Gottlieb MS, Medicus-Bringa M, Hartnett KR, Graf M, Ausman RK. Analysis of pain management in critically ill patients. Pharmacotherapy. 1995;15(5):592-9.; Whitelaw A, Odd D. Postnatal phenobarbital for the prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD001691. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD001691.pub2; Wijeysundera DN, Beattie WS, Austin PC, Hux JE, Laupacis A. Epidural anaesthesia and survival after intermediate-to-high risk non-cardiac surgery: a population-based cohort study. Lancet. 2008;372(9638):562-9. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61121-6; Wise MG, Hilty DM, Cerda GM, Trzepacz PT. Delirium (confusional states). In: Wise MG, Rundell JR, editors. Textbook of consultation-liaison psychiatry in the medically ill. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2002. pp 257-272.; Wu CL, Fleisher LA. Outcomes research in regional anesthesia and analgesia. Anesth Analg. 2000;91(5):1232-42. DOI:10.1097/00000539-200011000-00035; Young C, Knudsen N, Hilton A, Reves JG. Sedation in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2000;28(3):854-66. DOI:10.1097/00003246-200003000-00041; http://dx.doi.org/10.3205/000091Test; http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0183-0000916Test; http://www.egms.de/en/journals/gms/2010-8/000091.shtmlTest